WEDNESDAY was sacred to the god Woden Woden's day. THURSDAY was sacred to the god Thor Thor's day. = FRIDAY was sacred to the goddess Friga Friga's day. SATURDAY (dies Saturni) was sacred to the god Seater=Seater's day. QUESTIONS UNDER CHAPTER XI. 1. What is the definition of the term derivation? 2. In what two specific senses is it used? What does derivation in the widest sense include? 3. From what four general sources is the English language derived? 4. Give some instances of instinctive forms; and of Teutonic verbal stemwords or roots; and of Teutonic stem-nouns; and of Teutonic reduplicate forms; and of Teutonic primary derivatives; and of Teutonic secondary derivatives; and of Teutonic words with prefixes. 5. What is composition? What are some of its characteristics, and from what does it differ? 6. Give some instances of the three different kinds of composition; and also of disguised Teutonic derivatives. 7. Give some instances of Latin verbal roots; and of Latin stem-adjectives. and of Latin stem-substantives; and of Latin primary derivative; and of Latin secondary derivative words; and of Latin derivative words with prefixes. 8. Give instances of Romanic verbal roots; and of Romanic stem-adjectives; and of Romanic stem-substantives; and of Romanic derivative words with suffixes; and of Romanic derivative words with prefixes. 9. Give instances of Greek verbal roots; and of Greek stem-adjectives; and of Greek stem-substantives; and of Greek derivative words with suffixes; and of Greek derivative words with prefixes; and of Greek compound words in English; and of Greek disguised derivatives and compounds. 10. What four classes of words does the Hebrew portion of our language include? Give instances of Hebrew or Phoenician words through the Greek and Latin, and instances of prefixes and suffixes in words derived from Hebrew and Chaldaic. 11. Give instances of foreign words: (1.) from the Celtic; (2.) from Gothic dialects kindred to the Anglo-Saxon; (3.) from the French; (4.) from the Spanish; (5.) from the Italian; (6.) from the Slavonic; (7.) from the Armenian; (8.) from the modern Persian; (9.) from the modern Sanscrit; (10.) from the Arabic; (11.) from the Mongolian stock; (12.) from the African; (13.) from the American stock; (14.) from the Oceanic. 12. Give instances of proper English words of mixed origin; of Latin or foreign words with Teutonic inflections; with Teutonic suffixes; with Teutonic prefixes; of malformations or hybrid words. 13. Give instances of double forms in language; and of accidental coincidences in the formation of words; and of illusive etymologies. 14. What is a diminutive? What are the three classes? and what are the seven terminations? with examples. 15. What can you say of surnames? and of the names of places? and of the names of the months? and of the names of the days of the week? EXERCISES UNDER PART IV. ETYMOLOGICAL ANALYSIS. § 437. ETYMOLOGICAL ANALYSIS is that process by which each word in a sentence is named and described according to its etymological relations, as unfolded in the preceding pages of this FOURTH PART. EXAMPLES. In using the following examples, the pupils are expected, I. To point out all the Nouns, and give a definition of the noun; II. To point out all the Adjectives, and give a definition of the adjective; III. To point out the Articles, and give a definition of the article; IV. To point out all the Pronouns, and give a definition of the pronoun; V. To point out all the Verbs, and give a definition of the verb; VI. To point out all the Adverbs, and give a definition of the adverb; VII. To point out all the Prepositions, and give a definition of the preposition; VIII. To point out all the Conjunctions, and give a definition of the conjunction; IX. To point out all the Interjections, and give a definition of the interjection. MODEL. He who tells a lie is not sensible how great a task he undertakes; for he must be forced to tell twenty more to maintain that one.-POPE. Lie and task are nouns. A Noun is a word, etc. See § 243. Sensible and great are adjectives. An Adjective is a word, etc. See § 264. A is the indefinite article. The Article a, etc. See § 285. He and who are pronouns in the nominative case. A Pro Tells, is, undertakes, must be forced, to tell, to maintain, are verbs. Tells is a verb, from the ancient or strong verb tell, told, told, in the active voice, in the indicative mode, present tense, third person, singular number. See § 349. Undertakes is a verb, from the strong verb undertake, undertook, undertook, undertaken, compounded of under and take, in the active voice, in the indicative mode, present tense, third person, singular number. See § 349. Must be forced is a verb, from the weak verb force, forced, forced, in the passive voice, indicative mode, present tense, third person, singular number. To tell is a verb, as before, in the infinitive mode, present tense. To maintain is a verb, from the weak verb maintain, maintained, maintained, in the infinitive mode, present tense. Not is an adverb of negation; how is an adverb of manner. See § 369. To is a preposition. See § 371. For is a conjunction. See § 375. ANALYZE THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLES. 1. Conversation enriches the understanding, but solitude is the school of genius.-GIBBON. 2. A spirit of innovation is generally the result of a selfish temper and confined views. People will not look forward to posterity who never look backward to their ancestors.-BURKE. 3. High on a throne of royal state, which far Or where the gorgeous East, with richest hand, To that bad eminence.-MILTON. 4. The crying sin of all governments is that they meddle injuriously with human affairs, and obstruct the processes of nature by excessive legislation.-W. E. CHANNING. 5. We doubt whether a man ever brings his faculties to bear with their full force upon any subject until he writes upon it for the instruction or edification of others. To place it more clearly before others, he feels a necessity of viewing it more vividly himself.-W. E. CHANNING. 6. Higher laws than those of taste determine the conscious G G ness of nations. Higher laws than those of taste determine the general forms of the expression of that consciousness. Let the downward age of America find its orators, and poets, and artists to erect its spirit, or grace and soothe its dying. Be it ours to go up, with Webster, to the Rock, the Monument, the Capitol, and bid "the distant nations hail !"-RUFUS CHOATE. SYNTHESIS. 1. Compose a sentence in which there shall be a proper noun and a common noun. 2. Compose a sentence in which there shall be an abstract noun, a collective noun, and a correlative noun. 3. Compose a sentence in which there shall be a participial noun, a diminutive noun, and a material noun. 4. Compose a sentence in which there shall be a common adjective and a proper adjective; and one in which there shall be a numeral adjective and a pronominal adjective; and one in which there shall be a participial adjective and a compound adjective. 5. Compose a sentence which shall exhibit the different degrees of comparison. 6. Compose a sentence in which there shall be two different kinds of articles. 7. Compose a sentence which shall have in it the several personal pronouns; and one that shall have in it the demonstrative pronouns; and one that shall have in it the relative pronouns ; and one that shall have in it the interrogative pronouns; and one that shall have in it an adjective pronoun; and one that shall have in it adverbial pronouns. 8. Compose a sentence that shall have in it a transitive verb in the active voice; and also one having in it a verb in the passive voice; and also one having in it a verb in the future perfect tense; and also one in which there shall be a verb in the infinitive mode; also one in which there shall be a strong verb and a weak verb; also one in which there shall be a reflective verb; and also one in which there shall be an impersonal verb and a defective verb. 9. Compose a sentence having in it an adverb; a preposition; a conjunction; and an interjection. PART V. LOGICAL FORMS. CHAPTER I. PRELIMINARY STATEMENTS. DEFINITIONS. § 438. LOGIC, Greek λoyɩký, from λóyos, has been defined as the Science, and also as the Art of Reasoning. Aóyoç has been Λόγος defined as the word or outward Form by which the inward thought is expressed and made known; also, the inward thought or reason itself, so that it comprehends both the Latin ratio and oratio, the sermo internus and the sermo externus. There is a most intimate connection between reason and speech; between the mens divinior and the os magna sonaturum. As already intimated, the Greeks had but one name for both (λóyoç), and they looked upon the art of reasoning as nothing but the art of discourse, διαλεκτική. Logic is concerned with the outward form, or the sermo externus. In order, therefore, successfully to investigate the principles of reasoning, as we do when we treat Logic as a Science, or to apply those principles as we do when we treat it as an Art, the FORMS of logic should be familiarly known. So intimately, also, is Logic, the derivative term, connected with Language, that it may, so far as it is an art, be correctly defined as the art of employing language properly for the purposes of Reasoning. LOGICAL FORMS are those forms of language to which logical terms are usually applied; as, Proposition, syllogism, term, predicate. THE RELATIONS OF GRAMMAR, LOGIC, AND RHETORIC. § 439. LOGIC deals with the Meaning of language; GRAMMAR with its Construction; RHETORIC with its Persuasiveness. To reduce a sentence to its elements, and to show that these ele |