ed to those elevating and less earthly meditations, which supply us, as it were, with wings, when the first fail. They have been dearer to me than the dreams which they succeeded, and they whisper to me of a brighter immortality than that of fame. C. S.

Note II closely pursued John, who swiftly fled from me. C. S.

Note II.-a. Joseph, the son of Jacob, who deceived his father. C. S.

b. Joseph, the son of Jacob, who was governor of Egypt. F.S. c. The king dismissed his minister without any inquiry, who had never done so unjust an action. F. S.

Note III.-a. I am the man, who love my friends. C. S. b. I am the man who loves his friends.

C. S.

Note IV.-Better leave undone, than by our deeds acquire Too high a fame, when him we serve's away. C. S. Antony and Cleopatra. Note V-a. Those who seek Wisdom will find her. C. S. b. I am happy in the friend whom I have long proved. C. S. c. Can you tell me who did this shameful act? C. S. d. The infant whom you admired died suddenly. F.S. e. He is like a beast of prey who destroys without pity. F. S. f. I hope you will enjoy the book which I have sent you. C. S. g. Our Father, which art in heaven.

h. To those faithful friends, whose unchanging regard has entered into the happiness of all the active years of my life, I make my affectionate acknowledgments, as I now part from a work in which they have always taken an interest, and which, wherever it goes, will carry on its pages the silent proofs of their kindness and taste.-TICKNOR. C. S.

i. We have a religion whose origin is divine.-BLAIR. C. S. j. The bravest man that ever fought might have trembled. C.S. k. She is the same lady that I saw yesterday. C. S.

7. The convention that assembled yesterday has been dissolved. C. S.

m. Who that hopes to succeed would venture on an expedient like this? C. S.

n. The soldiers and tents that we saw yesterday we will visit to-day. C. S.

Note VI.-He was the first that died. He was the wisest

that Athens produced. C. S.

Note VII. He that wrote the Declaration of Independence, and who was the third President of the United States. F. S. Note VIII. The court, who gives currency to manners, ought to be exemplary. F. S.

RELATIVE PRONOUNS.

RULE XIX.-In compound sentences, the relative employed to introduce a new clause is nominative to the verb or verbs belonging to that clause; as, "The thirst after curiosities, which often draws contempt, was strongly developed;" "He who suffers not his faculties to lie torpid has a chance of doing good;" "The steamer that left this port on Saturday has been seen."

Note I.-But if, in the new clause, there is a nominative between the relative and the verb, then the relative is governed in the possessive case by a noun, or in the objective case by a verb or a preposition; as, "God is the sovereign of the universe, whose majesty ought to fill us with awe; to whom we owe all possible reverence, and whom we are bound to obey." Though the relative must be in the same gender and the same number as the antecedent, it need not be in the same case.

Note II.-The antecedent is sometimes placed after the relative; as, "Whom the cap fits, let him put it on."

Note III. The antecedent is sometimes suppressed when no emphasis is implied; as, "Who steals my purse steals trash.” He or the man is here understood.

Note IV.—The relatives are often suppressed; as, "The friend I visited yesterday." Here whom is understood.

Note V. The relative sometimes refers to a whole clause, or to an adjective instead of a noun; as, "He was generally despised, which occasioned much uneasiness;" "As Judas declared him innocent, which he could not be, had he in any way deceived his disciples."-PORTEUS's Lect. Here which represents the adjective innocent.

Note VI. The relative is sometimes used as an adjective; as, "His early friend, which friend was his ruin."

Note VII.-When the name of a person is used merely as a name, and does not refer to the person, the relative which should

be used, and not who; as, "It is no wonder if such a man did not shine at the court of Queen Elizabeth, which was but another name for prudence and economy."

Note VIII.-In some instances, which is introduced as the nominative to a verb, before the sentence or clause which it represents; as, "There was therefore, which is all that we assert, a course of life pursued by them different from that which they before led."-PALEY'S Evid., ch. i. Here which is the representative of the whole of the last part of the sentence, and its natural position is after that clause.

EXERCISES UNDER RULE XIX.

RELATIVE PRONOUNS.

RULE XIX.-a. They who have labored to make us wise are entitled to our gratitude. C. S.

b. He who died for his country is worthy of remembrance. C. S.

Note I.-a. The persons who conscience and virtue support may smile at the caprices of misfortune. F. S.

F. S.

C. S.

b. That is the student who I gave the book to. c. This is the man whose virtues are admired. Note II-Who lives to virtue, he lives to wisdom. Note III.-a. Who lives to virtue rarely can be poor. C. S.

b.

How wearisome

Eternity so spent in worship paid

C. S.

To whom we hate!-Par. Lost, b. i., 249. C. S.

Note IV-a. What is mine, even to my life, is hers I love; but the secret of my friend is not mine.-Sir P. SYDNEY. C. S.

b.

I hear a voice you can not hear,

Which says I must not stay;

I see a hand you can not see,

Which beckons me away.-TICKEL.

C. S.

Note V-a. In that battle he acted cowardly, which ruined his reputation. C. S.

b. A man should never be ashamed to own that he has been in the wrong, which is but saying in other words that he is wiser to-day than he was yesterday.-POPE. C. S.

Note VI.-The measure was sustained by one of the members, but by which member I do not know. C. S.

Note VII.-He suffered martyrdom under Nero, who was but another name for cruelty. F. S.

Note VIII.-There was, which can be proved, a great change in the politics of the party. C. S.

RELATIVE PRONOUNS.

RULE XX.-The relative WHAT has the sense of that which, and can be at the same time both in the nominative and the objective case; as, "I have heard what has been alleged." Here what is in the objective case, and governed by heard; and also in the nominative case to has been alleged.

Note I.-WHAT is sometimes used adverbially as equivalent to partly; as, "The year before he had so used the matter, that what by force, and what by policy, he had taken from the Christians about thirty castles."

Note II.-WHAT is also used improperly instead of the conjunction that; as, "I can not say but what he did it." THAT is improperly used for what; as, "We speak that we do know, and testify that we have seen."

Note III-WHAT is sometimes used as an interjection; as, "What! even denied a cordial at his end?"-POPE.

Note IV.-WHAT and its compounds are often used as adjectives; as, "It is not material what names are assigned to them;" "I am whatsoever is, whatsoever has been, whatsoever shall be; and the veil that is over my face no mortal hath removed." Here the noun is understood.

Note V.-The pronouns WHATSOEVER, WHICHSOEVER, WHOSOEVER, and the like, are elegantly divided by the interposition of the corresponding substantive; as, "In what light soever we view him, his conduct will bear inspection."

Note VI.-WHETHER, in the sense of which of two, was anciently used as a relative pronoun; as, "Let them take whether they will."

Note VII.-The word WHERE, which, in its origin, is related to WHAT, is often substituted for that which; as, "Perhaps there is no situation the human mind can be placed in so difficult and so trying as where it is made the judge in its own cause.”Lord MANSFIELD.

EXERCISES UNDER RULE XX.

RELATIVE PRONOUNS.

RULE XX. a. When he saw what had been done, he lifted up his voice and wept. C. S.

b. I have been through the market without being able to find what I wanted. C. S.

Note I. Thus, what with war, and what with sweat, what with the gallows, and what with poverty, I am custom shrunk. C. S.

Note II-a. He would not be persuaded but what I was greatly in fault. F. S.

b. In the interview he did not say but what he did it. F. S. c. If a man read little, he had need to have much cunning, to seem to know that he doth not. F. S.

Note III.-What! to attribute the sacred sanctions of God and Nature to the massacres of the Indian scalping-knife! C. S. Note IV. By what means can you gain the end you aim at? Note V. On what side soever I turn my eyes, I behold all full of courage and strength. C. S.

Note VI. Whither when they come, they fell at words

Whether of them should be the Lord of lords. C. S.

Note VII.-Indeed, I can not help likening his character to the architectural fabrics of other ages which he most delighted in, where there is such a congregation of imagery and tracery that one is apt to get bewildered among the variety of particular impressions, and not feel either the unity of the grand design or the height and solidness of the structure.-LOCKHART.

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.

§ 503. RULE XXI.—The principal noun or pronoun in the answer to a question must be in the same case with the corresponding interrogative word: DIRECT. Quest. Who is this? Ans. I. Quest. Whose is this? Ans. His. Quest. Whom do you seek? Ans. Him. OBLIQUE. Quest. Who do you say that it is? Ans. He. Quest. Whose do you say that it is? Ans. His. Quest. Whom do you say that they seek? Ans. Him. Note I.-When the answer is made by means of a pronoun, we can distinguish the accusative case from the nominative, es

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