pecially when made in full. Thus the full answer to Whom do you say that they seek? is, I say that they seek him. Nevertheless, such examples as Whom do they say it is? are common, especially in Oblique questions: "And he axed hem, and seide, Whom seien the people that I am? Thei answereden and seiden, Jon Baptist; and he seide to hem, But whom seien ye that I am?"-WICLIF, Luke, ix., 18-20. "And as John fulfilled his course, he said, Whom think ye that I am ?”—Acts, xiii., 25.

EXERCISES UNDER RULE XXI.
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.

a. Who has called for me? Him. b. Whose books have you?

F. S.
John's. C. S.

c. What are poets and philosophers but torch-bearers leading us through the mazes and recesses of God's two majestic temples, the sensible and the spiritual world? C. S.

Note I.-But envy had no place in his nature. Whom was there to envy?-BULWER. This form should be avoided.

§ 504. RULE XXII.-I. ONE, in phrases like ONE SAYS they say on dit, French, is used Indeterminately. The pronoun has no particular antecedent: "One's leaning at first would be toward it." See § 316.

II. It also is used Indeterminately either as the subject or the predicate of a proposition; as, "It is this;" "this is it ;" "I am it;" "it is I." When it is the subject of a proposition, the verb necessarily agrees with it, and can be of the singular number only, no matter what be the number of the predicate: It is this; it is these. When it is the predicate of a proposition, the number of the verb depends on the number of the subject.

III. THERE, adverbial in its classification, but pronominal in its origin, is also used Indeterminately, but only as the predicate of a proposition. It differs from it in this respect, and therefore differs from it in never affecting the number of the verb. This is determined by the nature of the subject: There is this; there are these. Though a predicate, there always stands in the beginning of propositions, i. e., in the place of the subject.

RULE XXII.-I. a. One would imagine these to be the expressions of a man blessed with ease and affluence. C. S.

b. One might visit Paris in the interval.

II.-a.

b.

C. S.

'Tis two or three, my lord, that bring you word Macduff is fled to England.-Macbeth, iv., 1. C. S. 'Tis these that early taint the female soul."-POPE. C. S. c. The indeterminate pronoun was formerly omitted; as, Now said the lady draweth toward the night.-F. Q., i., i., 22. III.a. There are those who express a different opinion. There's two or three of us have seen strange sights.

b.

Julius Cæsar.

RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS.

§ 505. RULE XXIII.-In the phrases "They love EACH OTHER," "they killed ONE ANOTHER," there is a Reciprocal construction. In the one case, each is in apposition with they, or included in it, in the nominative case; in the other, one is in apposition with they, or included in it: in both, other is in the objective case.

In a reciprocal construction, two or more propositions are abbreviated into one; as, "John and Henry love each other"= "John loves Henry, and Henry loves John." Another refers to one of many, the other to one of two: "Two men were standing on the road, and another came up ;" "Two men were standing on the road; one walked away, and the other remained." Another is sometimes improperly used for each other: "These two kinds of diction, prose and poetry, are so different one from another." Here each other is the correct phraseology.

EXERCISES UNDER RULE XXIII.

RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS.

RULE XXIII.-a. William and Charles faithfully sought each other. C. S.

b. William, Charles, and Eliza generously helped one another. C. S.

PROMISCUOUS EXERCISES

ON PRONOUNS.

You will see one of the ablest men, one of the bravest officers this or any other country ever produced (it is hardly necessary to mention the name of Sir Walter Raleigh), sacrificed by the meanest prince that ever sat upon the throne, to the vindictive jealousy of that haughty court.-Lord CHATHAM.

That philosophical statesman, Jack Cade, thus reproaches his prisoner, Lord Say: "It will be proved to thy face that thou hast men about thee that usually talk of a noun and a verb, and such abominable words as no Christian ear can endure to hear."

Language is the depository of the accumulated body of experience to which all former ages have contributed their part, and which is the inheritance of all yet to come. We have no right to prevent ourselves from transmitting to posterity a larger portion of this inheritance than we may ourselves have profited by. -MILL'S Logic, p. 413.

The eager love of knowledge, and the no less eager love of action; the impulse to know, and the impulse to do: these are elements spontaneously at work in human nature, and may appropriately be termed philosophical elements.-H. P. TAPPAN. Keats, a little before he died, said, "I feel the daisies growing

over me."

Utility is the great idol of the age, to which all powers stoop, and all talents do homage.

But if, which Heaven forbid! it hath still been unfortunately determined that, because he hath not bent to power and authority, because he would not bow down before the golden calf and worship it, he is to be bound and cast into the furnace, I do trust in God there is a redeeming spirit in the Constitution, which will be seen to walk with the sufferer through the flames, and to preserve him unhurt by the conflagration.-CURRAN.

When there is a question of peace or war between two nations, that government feels itself in the wrong which refuses to state with clearness and precision what she would consider as a satisfaction and a pledge of peace.-C. J. Fox.

CHAPTER V.

SYNTAX OF THE VERB.

CONCORD.

$506. RULE XXIV.-The Verb agrees with its Subject nominative in Number and Person; as, "I write," "thou rulest;" "he obeys."

The verb does not necessarily agree with its Predicate nominative. See note below.

When a verb is said to agree with its subject nominative, it is meant that it is in the same person or number with the substantive or pronoun preceding. This is what is called, in grammatical language, CONCORD.

Every finite verb must have a subject nominative expressed or understood.

Note I.-Plural Subjects with singular Predicates: "Honest men are the salt of the earth;" "Christians are the light of the world." The word that comes first must be presumed to be the subject until the contrary is proved. The way to justify such an expression as the wages of sin is death, is either to consider death not as the predicate but the subject, or, with WEBSTER, to consider the word wages as singular.

Note II.-Singular Subjects with plural Predicates. These constructions are rarer than the preceding, inasmuch as two or more persons (or things) are oftener spoken of as being equiva lent to one, than one person (or thing) is spoken of as being equivalent to two or more: "Sixpence is twelve half pennies ;" "He is all head and shoulders."

Note III.—A Plural title applied to a Single object often takes the singular verb; as, "The Pleasures of Memory, by Rogers, is an admirable work."

Note IV. The pronoun you, even when used to denote an individual, inasmuch as its form is plural, should have a plural verb: "The account you were pleased to send me," not "the account you was pleased to send me."

Note V.-A verb in the third person may have as its subject a sentence, or the clause of a sentence, or a verb in the infinitive mode, or any part of speech used as a noun; as, "To attack vices in the abstract, without touching persons, may be safe fighting indeed, but it is fighting with shadows;" "To see is desirable;" "Red and green are different colors;" "Once is too often;" "Over is not under;" "An if ruins the case;" "Ah! is an interjection." We have here a part of a sentence, a verb in the infinitive mode, an adjective, an adverb, a preposition, a conjunction, and an interjection, used as substantives, and each the subject of a verb.

Note VI.-There is one phrase in present use in which the personal pronoun ME precedes a verb in the third person: methinks, methought. Anciently, him was used in the same manner; as, Him thuhte, him thought. Him and me are here in the Anglo-Saxon dative case. Me thinks it seems to me=

mihi videtur.

Note VII.-In poetry, the verb may stand without a nominative in cases where in prose the omission would be improper; as "Lives there who loves his pain?"-MILTON. That is, lives there a man who loves his pain?

Note VIII. The verbs NEED and WANT are sometimes employed without a nominative, either express or implied; as, "There is no evidence of the fact, and there needs none;" "There wanted champions to espouse her cause." For the force of there, see § 451.

Note IX.-Verbs in the Imperative mode generally agree with the pronouns thou, ye, or you expressed or understood; as, Love (thou); read ye or you. A verb in the Imperative mode is sometimes used Absolutely, having no direct reference to any particular subject addressed; as, "God said, Let there be light, and there was light."-Gen., i., 3.

Note X.-A verb following the conjunction THAN sometimes stands without a nominative expressed; as, "Not that any thing occurs in consequence of our late loss more afflictive than was to be expected."-Life of Cowper, Letter 62. Forms of expression like this seem to be elliptical: "More afflictive than that which was to be expected."

Note XI. The verb is in some cases understood; as,

"The