of the lady's carving, and not upon the actual state of the turkey.

17. "TO BE SURE"=" certainly," "indeed;" as, "Will you venture out in this snow-storm?" "To be sure I will.”

18. WOULD is often used to express a wish; as, "I would there were a sword in my hand;" "I would to God that you did reign;" "Ye would none of my reproof."

19. "For he must reign till he hath put all enemies under his feet." Till he have.

20. HAD is often used for would have; as, "Had he done this he had escaped" = he would have escaped.

21. In familiar language, will represents the Present tense of the principal verb, and would the Past:

"The isle is full of noises.

Sometimes a thousand twanging instruments
Will hum about my ears."-SHAKSPEARE.

"His listless length at noontide would he stretch."—GRAY.

22. DID is used improperly for should; as, "It were an intolerable spectacle, even to the inmates of a felon's cell, did they behold one of their fellows in the agonies of death."-CHALMERS. Were ought to be replaced by would, and did by should.

23. "This dedication will serve for almost any book that has, is, or shall be published." It ought to be, "that has been or shall be published."

24. "The Court of Chancery frequently mitigates and breaks the teeth of the common law." It would be better to say, "mitigates the common law, and breaks the teeth of it."

25. "Then said they unto him, what shall we do that we might work the works of God." Might is improperly put for may.

26. "If these persons had intended to deceive, they would have taken care to have avoided what would expose them to the objections of their opponents." Had and the second have should be omitted, and avoid be used instead of avoided.

27. "For they feared the people lest they should have been stoned. [Should be.]

28. "Let us suppose a man convinced, notwithstanding the disorders of the world, that it was under the direction of an infinitely perfect being. Was is improperly used for is.

CHAPTER VI.

SYNTAX OF ADVERBS.

§ 523. RULE XXXVIII.-ADVERBS modify Verbs, Adjectives, and other Adverbs; as, "He acted judiciously," "He is a truly good man ;" "He was most kindly treated."

An Adverb, in some cases, modifies a whole Sentence, or a Noun, or a Preposition; as, "Unfortunately for the lovers of antiquity, no remains of Grecian paintings have been preserved;" "Blessed be God, even the Father;" "Just below the surface."

Note I.Adverbs are sometimes used as Adjectives; as, "Will you have the goodness to look over the above statement;" "call to mind that the then secretary had just come into office." Forms like these are not to be encouraged, though they are sometimes convenient.

Note II.-Adverbs are sometimes used as Nouns; as, "He traveled from thence by land;" "There are upward of two thousand people present;" "Since when"=since which time; "Worth their while" worth their time and pains; "Now is the time" the present is the time.

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Note III. Certain Adjectives are used as Adverbs; as, "Full well he knows the folly of his course." A question may even arise whether a word is an adverb or an adjective: "After life's fitful fever he sleeps well;" after life's fitful fever he is well. Is well the same part of speech in these two cases? Most Most grammarians would say no, some would say yes, and correctly. It makes a part of the predicate. See § 490.

The termination ly was originally adjectival. At present it is a derivational syllable, by which we convert an adjective into an adverb. When, however, the adjective ends in ly, the formation is awkward. I eat my daily bread, is unexceptionable. "I eat my bread dailily," is exceptionable. One of two things must here take place: the two syllables lily are packed into one, or else the construction is that of an adjective deflected. Thus, godly is used as an adverb instead of godlily.-LATHAM. Note IV.-Adverbs of REST IN A PLACE, namely, here, there,

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and where, are often used instead of adverbs of motion toward a place, namely, hither, thither, whither, when the latter would be more strictly accurate; as, "He came here," instead of "he came hither." In dignified language and in poetry this substitution is not so frequent.

Note V.-Before adverbs of motion from a place, namely, hence, thence, whence, the preposition from is often used. But its use is pleonastic, because hence, thence, whence are equivalent to "from this place;" "from that place;" "from which place."

Note VI.-As to the use of the adverbs never and ever, when followed by so, authorities are divided, some being in favor of the first, as in the scriptural expression, "charm he never so wisely," on the ground that it is more expressive; and some being in favor of substituting for it the expression "charm he ever so wisely." Usage, at least ancient usage, justifies the scriptural expression. Grammarians, at least many of them, prefer the other form, and to this modern usage inclines, though without any strong reason in its favor. Either form is correct.

Note VII. HERE, THERE, and WHERE, formerly denoting place, have now a more extensive application corresponding with their pronominal derivation, HERE having the force of this or these; THERE the force of that or those; and WHERE the force of at which or in which; as, "It is not so with respect to volitions and actions; here the coalescence is intimate;” “I will visit my friends; there I shall find comfort;" "Tell me the place where it happened." The antecedent is often omitted; as, "Tell me where it happened."

The adverb THERE may be used when we wish the nominative case to stand after its verb: "There followed Him great multitudes."

Note VIII.-The adverbs YES, YEA, AY, NO, NAY, are used inde

pendently; as, "Will he consent?" "Yes." "Will he go?"

"No." These words are each of them equivalent to a whole sentence. The word amen is also used independently.

YEA and NAY are also used in another sense; as, "A good man always profits by his endeavors; yea, when he is absent; nay, when dead, by his example and memory." Here yea is nearly equivalent to this; so is nay.

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Note IX.-Two NEGATIVES in English are equivalent to an Affirmative; as, "Nor did he not perceive them" he did perceive them; "His manners are not inelegant" are elegant. When two negatives, as in the last example, are used to express an affirmative, they denote the quality only in a moderate degree.

In popular language, two negatives are frequently used for a negation, according to the practice of the ancient Greeks and the modern French. This idiom was primitive, and was retained in the Anglo-Saxon; as, "Oc se Kinning Peada ne rixade nane while."-Saxon Chronicle, p. 33. "And the King Peada did not reign none while." "He did not owe nothing," in vulgar language, is equivalent to "he owed nothing," in the style of the learned.

Note X. No is sometimes improperly used for NOT; as, "Whether love be natural or no,' replied my friend, gravely, 'it contributes to the happiness of every society into which it is introduced.'" No properly never qualifies a verb.

Adverbial phrases are treated generally in the same manner as adverbs; as, The many letters I receive do not a little encourage me." Here A LITTLE modifies the verb encourage.

In Imperative sentences the verb is sometimes suppressed, and is indicated by an adverb which seems to supply its place; as, "Down with him!' cried false Sextus, with a smile on his pale face." See § 506.

THE COLLOCATION OF ADVERBS.

§ 524. 1. They are placed before adjectives and participles, and the adverbs which they modify; as, "He was exceedingly modest;" "greatly beloved;" "not only wisely, but firmly."

2. They usually follow a verb when single; as, "He spoke eloquently;" and if a verb is transitive, with an object follow

ing, the adverb follows the object; as, "John received the present gratefully." To this rule there are many exceptions.

3. When an auxiliary and a participle are used, the adverb is usually placed between them, or it follows the participle; as, “He was graciously received," or, "He was received graciously."

4. When two auxiliaries are used, the adverb is usually after the second; as, "We have been kindly treated." But it may follow the participle; as, "We have been treated kindly;" and

in some instances it may precede the auxiliaries; as, "And certainly you must have known."

5. An Adverb is sometimes put emphatically at the beginning of a sentence; as, "Never was a man so used."

6. The negative adverb NOT follows, and NEVER, in modern usage, precedes, the principal verb to which it refers. We can not now say "She not denies it," as in Shakspeare.

7. The words ONLY and MERELY sometimes have a wrong location; as, "The first (pestilence) could be only imputed to the just indignation of the gods." It should be, "only to the just indignation of the gods."

8. The adverb ENOUGH is always placed after the adjective which it modifies, and the adjective and the adverb after the substantive; as, "A house large enough."

9. The adverb How should not be used before the conjunction THAT, nor instead of it; as, "He said how that he should be in Boston." "He said how he would be in Boston."

CORRESPONDENT ADVERBS.

§ 525. YEA-NAY; "Did he say yea or nay?"

NOT ONLY-BUT ALSO; "He was not only kind, but also courteous."

Now-Now; "Like leaves on trees the race of man is found:

Now green in youth, now withering on the ground." WHERE THERE; "Where you dwell, there will I dwell." WHEN THEN; "When pride cometh, then cometh shame." "In glittering pomp appear:

THERE-HERE;

There bold Automedon, Patroclus here."

EXERCISES IN THE SYNTAX OF ADVERBS.

RULE XXXVIII.-a. Despair naturally produces indolence.

To warn, to comfort, and command.-WORDSWORTH. C. S. c. So well-educated a boy naturally gives great hopes to his friends.

C. S.

Note I.-a. Use a little wine for thine often infirmities. F.S. b. We should implant in the minds of youth such seeds and principles of piety and virtue as are likely to take soonest and deepest root. C. S.