tent the milk is very inferior in food value to the product formerly manufactured.

BUTTER.

Seventy-four samples of butter were analyzed during the period. Fifty-nine of these samples were pure and 15, or 20.2 per cent., were illegal either because of the presence of an excessive amount of water or the admixture or substitution of oleomargarine. The moisture content of legal butter must not exceed 16 per cent. Under the Internal revenue laws butter containing more than 16 per cent. of moisture is classed as adulterated butter, and can only be manufactured when the purchaser holds a government license and pays a tax upon his product. The small butter maker who keeps four or five cows, who has no ice and who frequently does not know how to make good butter, very commonly during hot weather produces a butter which is illegal because it contains too much water. This adulteration is no doubt unintentional, but it is none the less illegal, first because the consumer pays for water instead of butter, and second because this low grade article is an unfair competitor of standard butters.

VINEGAR.

Eighty-five samples of vinegar were analyzed during the seven months, of which 58 were legal and 27 were illegal, thus showing an adulteration of 31.7 per cent. The vinegars classed as illegal were usually so ranked because of the fact that they were low in acid, due either to immaturity or to intentional dilution. Occasionally samples come to market as cider vinegars when in fact they are only artificial. Most of such goods is manufactured in large business centers and shipped into the state in wilful violation of the law.

BEVERAGES.

Of the 327 samples of such summer drinks as pops, ginger ale, sodas, fruit ciders, root beers and such proprietary articles as iron brew, orangeade, orcherade, etc., 169 were legal and 158, or 48.2 per cent, were illegal. Those classed as adulterated usually contained an artificial sweetener in the form of saccharin. The use of saccharin is in direct violation of the law in that it is contrary. to that section which prohibits the mixing of a substance in food so as to reduce its quality or strength, and also of that section which prohibits the substitution of any substance wholly or in part for the article. Many other samples contained benzoate of soda, added as a preservative. Others were colored in imitation of the genuine article.

DRUGS.

But few samples of drugs have been analyzed during the last six months because it is apparent that the adulteration of these products is decidedly less than heretofore, and is confined chiefly to goods which deteriorate on standing. In some instances, as in the case of spirits of camphor, where a high per cent. of adulteration is still noted, it is apparent that the druggist continues to misinterpret the instructions given in the pharmacopoeia, and instead of making up his spirits by dissolving 100 grams of camphor gum in alcohol and making up to a litre, dissolves the proper amount of camphor gum in a litre of alcohol, thus producing a spirits which runs about 10 per cent. low in gum content. There can be no excuse for continuing the adulteration of tincture of iodine and tincture of iron. Of the 150 samples analyzed, 100 are pure and 50 adulterated, thus showing an adulteration of 33.33 per cent.

Little or no violation of that section of the law which regulates the amount Continued on page 33.

Last year nearly 13,000 cows were tested for tuberculosis in this State. Official tests were made on 8,720 head in Lake, Porter and adjoining counties, Ft. Wayne tested nearly 1,300 head, 1,000 other official tests were made in various places and the remainder were conducted in private practice. The 8,720 cows in the northwest section were divided into 560 herds and 757 reacting animals were found in 268 herds. The percentage of reacting animals was 8.6 or lower than might have been expected, but the percentage of infected herds, 48 per cent., was very high. This condition is to be explained upon the basis that the section is comparatively new as a dairy center, that frequent exchange has been made of the cows and many purchases made from the stockyards. At Ft. Wayne only 17 per cent. of the herds were found to be infected, but 10 per cent. reacted. This probably more nearly represents the conditions found throughout the State.

The tests in the north west section of the State have a special value in that they include nearly the entire bovine population of that section. In 185 herds, or one-third of those tested, there were only one or two reacting cows, a total of 245 head, or just one-third of the entire number of reactors. These herds could have been freed from disease by sale or slaughter at little sacrifice to the owners, and instead of only 52 per cent. of the herds being free it could be easily increased to 85 per cent. the first year. The 20 herds having the highest number of reactors had 262 diseased cows or more than the 185 herds. These highly infected herds had been kept together for a long time or had been made up to a large extent from purchases at the stockyards. They serve to show what may be expected to occur in the other herds unless some measures are taken to eliminate the infection.

The last locality at which testing was done, out of 400 cows tested, 235 reacted, 111 were slaughtered and 30 condemned as unfit for food. An even more startling record than this was found. A man took 25 hogs to market, and upon slaughter and federal inspection 23 were found to be diseased with incipient tuberculosis, 4 were condemned as unfit for food. An inspection of the premises was made and a suspicious looking steer killed and well developed lesions of tuberculosis were found. Seven head of cattle were tested and 10 hogs, 4 of the cattle and 5 of the hogs reacted. The family cow, two of the hogs and some apparently sick shoats were slaughtered and all had clear cases of the disease. At this time there were 25 head of cattle and 200 hogs on the farm. Later 164 of the hogs were unlawfully sent out of the State, and upon inspection the following record is obtained: One packer bought 132 head and 130 were diseased, 61 being condemned; another packer bought one and it was condemned; 15 head were reshipped to one point and 8 condemned; and 16 became mixed with another lot and the record lost. Later 13 head of cattle were taken to market for slaughter, 3 were killed and found to be diseased and the butcher refused to kill the remainder.

The 10 remaining head and one other were then shipped to another point and on post-mortem 6 were found to be diseased. Still later other cattle were shipped, 7 of which were found to be diseased and 4 were condemned. The inspector visiting the premises reported that the chickens were diseased; the owner has died since the trouble began and the statement is given that the cause was "throat trouble" There are still other chapters to be added to this record.

One of the results of the testing during the past year has been to develop a good economical system. The usual method of taking temperatures for a period of forty-eight hours, limited the work to small numbers and made the cost amount to from one to three dollars per head. It was found that the work can be done in one day, and that the cost need not exceed 30 cents per head. Two men can test between 200 and 250 heads per week. Upon this basis, a city the size of Lafayette could test all the herds furnishing its milk supply in a few weeks and at a cost not to exceed $300.

The law enacted by the last legislature provides that any dairyman may have his herd tested at actual cost. In the event diseased cattle are found he has three options: 1st. To prepare the affected animal or animals for market and to sell subject to the post mortem examination. The federal rules and regulations shall govern the inspection. If the animal passes as fit for food he receives its market value; if it fails to pass he can recover only the value of the hide, and body as fertilizer. 2nd. He can retain his cows for dairy purposes provided the milk be pasteurized in a manner approved by the State Board of Health. No animal showing any physical evidence of disease can be used in such manner. 3d. He may retain valuable breeding stock for breeding purposes under conditions approved by the State Veterinarian. The State makes no compensation for diseased animals except when condemned by the State Veterinarian. In the case of tuberculosis, he must quarantine and give the owner a choice of one of the three options.

Indiana has a good law, much better than most states. By the enactment of local ordinances, most of the cities could have a tested milk supply in a very short time. The season in which to do the work is at hand, and will continue until about April 1.

AGAINST BENZOATE

Miss Alice Lakey, chairman of the food committee of the National Consumers' League, announced the adoption of the following resolutions with regard. to the use of benzoate of soda.

"Resolved, That the National Consumers' League respect fully urges upon Congress the necessity of amending the National Pure Food and Drugs Act in the following particulars, viz.: To prohibit absolutely and unqualifiedly the use of benzoate of soda and similar chemical preservatives in the preparation and preservation of foods destined for interstate commerce, for the sake of preventing the utilization of unclean and offensive waste productions, which now, by the use of such preservatives, are branded as foodstuffs and sent through the channels of commerce."

Pure Food and Health Laws.

Not a few of our laws are resultants of our complex civilization, which certainly tends toward higher complexity. Among such laws are those which have for their object the protection of the public health, and the protection of the food supply against adulteration. Within the memory of living men, such a thing as food adulteration was unknown. In pioneer days, feeding was simple and more rational than in these times. Then families. sat down to tables which were supplied with pork and beans of home production, to corn bread, apple sauce, chickens raised naturally in woods and fields, to milk and butter produced from non-tuberculous, non-swill fed cows, which stood almost at the kitchen door; doughnuts, hot from the sizzling lard; pumpkin pies made from pumpkin which had not been coffined for months; hominy made in the very room in which it was eaten, instead of being taken from a can filled in a frame shed somewhere and called a canning factory. And what delicious flavors were attendant upon all of these articles. With what joy did they salute the gustatory nerve, and how gratefully they were received by the stomach.

But these days are not necessarily gone, for even now it is not required to live the canned life. The city cliff dweller finds the canned life handy and convenient, and lives it at the cost of the good health and superior enjoyment which attend simple and more natural nutrition. If he would supply himself with a "fireless cooker" and in the evening before retiring would start his plain breakfast in it, he would in the morning have food which would give him superior gustatory pleasure, a clear head and an abundant energy. Instead of a simple rational breakfast, our cliff dweller has embalmed hog, better known as ham and bacon, or highly spiced sausage, or beefsteak from a tuberculous animal, or from an animal slaughtered and its meat kept under the most revolting conditions. Eggs most always from cold storage, are added and all washed down with black coffee. Such a breakfast is not a balanced ration. It makes too much soot and ash and so clogs the furnace grates and the boiler's flues. Clearness of head does not attend, and kidneys and liver suffer from overwork in clearing away the debris. In time, Bright's disease appears, and the victim wonders where it came from. "Why was I selected to have this malady?" he asks. Eat plain, unembalmed foods cooking them well. Potatoes, rice, hominy, vegetables, fruit, cornmeal, well baked whole-wheat flour bread, milk from healthy animals and a clean dairy, fresh eggs or none. What more can one want? Darwin, Spencer, Pasteur, lived entirely upon such food, and they did some good work too. A gentleman of my acquaintance was one time a guest of Darwin's on his farm in Kent. For supper, bread and milk was offered; nothing more, and no apology. Darwin's work was certainly worth a million times more to humanity than the work of Harriman. Rich, highly spiced foods, catsup, pickles, fancy cooking, much meat, are all hard on kidneys and livers.

Excessive use of salt is injurious. The blood and the body need only a very

little salt. A man weighing 150 pounds contains only a little over one ounce. We all eat a great deal more salt than is for our good. Certain forms of stomach troubles are caused by excessive salt eating. If your stomach hurts, try cutting out salt, salads, pickles, catsups and meats and chew your plain food extra well. You will find this treatment has the pepsin and drug treatment skinned a mile. Well, the whole lesson is-pure food laws are needed principally because we will not eat rationally. It is the same with health laws. We need health laws because we refuse to live according to the natural laws of our well-being. We have consumption, because we spit, because we just will not thoroughly ventilate our school rooms, our bedrooms, our offices, our churches and our public halls. We ride in closed trolley cars and breathe the fetid air which has already been down into the lungs of others, we heave in alcohol and meats and spices, and fray our nerves with caffein. Old Solomon said: "Be ye not among wine bibbers, among riotous eaters of flesh."

We have typhoid fever, and spend enough on it annually to present every member of the legislature and each doorkeeper with a red automobile, just because we will not dispose of human and animal manure in a sanitary way. Sir Frederick Treves, King Edward's physician, who has grown rich and great off disease, has said: "When simplicity and frugality of living is achieved, voluntary celibacy will become discreditable, and the premature deaths of the bread-winners will disappear before sanified cities and vanishing intemperance.”

MAINTENANCE OF UNFORTUNATES.

Reports show that the people of Indiana spent $3,341,454 last year to maintain unfortunates. The average annual expenditure for this purpose has been over $3,500,000. Now the question arises: Is it not possible to prevent having so many unfortunates? It certainly is possible. But how? It is known that sickness causes poverty, chronic invalidism, mental incapacity, and quite all of the qualities which make unfortunates. Of course, other causes also create unfortunates. As for sickness, hygiene stands ready to reduce it materially. This science teaches that fully 30 per cent. of all sickness endured is unnecessary. The people should open their ears and minds to the truths of hygiene, and when these truths are understood then apply them practically to every day. life. For instance-30 to 40 per cent. of all orphans (unfortunates) are created by consumption. Consumption is a preventable disease and is curable in its beginnings. Why then not prevent consumption and not permit it to slay mothers and fathers and thus make so many orphans. It is cheaper to prevent than to have or to cure. So money is to be made by practically applying hygiene, besides gaining strength and happiness.

The effort of the State Board of Health to save life, to save money and to promote happiness through practical hygiene, are frequently laughed at, and the board called cranks. If this ignorant attitude were abandoned, and a desire to know, to understand, and to be practical in this matter, were substituted, then incalculable advantages would be gained.