adulterated for the reason that cottonseed hulls had been mixed and packed with the cottonseed meal so as to reduce and lower and injuriously affect its quality and strength, and misbranded for the reason that it had been shipped, invoiced, and sold under the name of cottonseed meal, whereas the product contained approximately 50 per cent. of cottonseed hulls. Accordingly, on April 22, 1909, the Secretary of Agriculture reported the facts to the United States attorney for the district of Indiana, and libel for seizure and condemnation under section. 10 of the act was duly filed, with the result that the defendant file a bond and pay the cost of prosecution to the amount of $32.03. MISBRANDING OF SIRUP. (As to Quantity.) The facts in the case were as follows: On or about March 30, 1909, an inspector of the Department of Agriculture found in the possession of the Lawrence Wardenburg Mercantile Company, Trinidad, Colo., 19 cases (each containing 10 cans) of sirup, labeled and branded 10 one-gallons. Star Syrup. Farrell & Company, Omaha, Neb.;" 19 cases (each) containing 16 cans) of sirup, labeled and branded "16 half-gallons. Star Syrup. Farrell & Company, Omaha, Neb. ;" and 12 cases (each containing 24 cans) of sirup, labeled and branded “24 quarts. Star Syrup. Farrell & Company, Omaha, Neb." These goods had been shipped to the Lawrence Wardenburg Mercantile Company by Farrell & Co., the manufacturers, from Omaha, Neb., during September, 1908, and January, 1909. A number of the cans were procured and subjected to analysis in the Bureau of Chemistry, United States Department of Agriculture, and it was found that the cans from the cases labeled "10 onegallons" contained 0.723 gallon, making a shortage of 27.7 per cent.; that those from the cases, labeled "16 half-gallons," contained 0.356 gallon, making a shortage of 28.8 per cent.; and those from the cases labeled "24 quarts" contained 0.716 quart, making a shortage of 28.4 per cent. The goods were therefore misbranded within the meaning of section 8 of the act, and on March 30, 1909, the facts were reported by the Secretary of Agriculture to the United States attorney for the district of Colorado, and libel for seizure and condemnation was duly filed, with the result that the costs of prosecution be paid by the defendant and a bond be filed. MISBRANDING OF CATSUP. (As to Amount of Benzoate of Soda Present.) The facts in the case were as follows: On or about September 18, 1908, E. F. Ladd, food commissioner of North Dakota, acting under authorization conferred on him by the Secretary of the United States Department of Agriculture, in accordance with regulation 3 of the rules and regulations for the enforcement of the Food and Drugs Act, found in the possession of Park, Grant & Morris, at Fargo, N. Dak., 65 one-gallon jug and 85 one-gallon tin packages of a food product labeled, "Bordeaux Brand Tomato Catsup, Prepared by the Van Camp Packing Co., Indianapolis, Ind., U. S. A. Ingredients Tomatoes, Sugar, Vinegar, Salt, Cloves, Allspice, Cayenne Pepper. Onions and 1-10 of 1 per cent. of Benzoate of Soda. Net weight about 14 oz." Continued on page 34. REPORT ON NATIONAL VITALITY. Yellow-Fever Death Rate in Havana, 1870-1906. These results have been due partly to the elimination of the contagion-carrying mosquito and partly to the general improvement of the city's sanitary appointments. A similar contrast might be drawn between the death rates from yellow fever at Panama during the efforts of the French to dig the canal and during the American work under the sanitary regulations of Colonel Gorgas. If the same thoroughgoing measures used in Havana and at Panama were employed among our own people, the resultant blessings would be almost equally striking. The impressive figures just presented, showing the fall in mortality from so many of the most dangerous diseases, point clearly to the value of preventive measures in the conflict with disease. The fall in tuberculosis mortality is directly due to the growing use of hospitals, which have tended to isolate consumptives, and to a use of our recently acquired knowledge of the efficacy of fresh air and the outdoor life; typhoid fever has virtually disappeared when water and milk supplies have been made pure, the open privy abolished, and flies and other carriers of the specific cause of the disease have been provided against; smallpox has given way before vaccination ;yellow fever is fast disappearing now that the agent of transmission is known; while many of the less serious diseases are losing their power, purely owing to preventive methods. Some diseases, once the scourges of humanity, have practically disappeared from the civilized world. Scurvy up to the latter half of the eighteenth century decimated the armies and fleets of Europe and afterwards proved a menace to the civilized population. During Anson's famous expedition about the year 1750, 600 out of 900 died, chiefly from scurvy. The use of lime juice and fresh vegetables has practically eradicated the disease. "Cholera was wont to visit the cities of the Atlantic coast in the past about every ten years, and it was a standing menace to the world every summer. It was not uncommon for the disease to decimate whole towns and cities. Since the discovery of its cause, however, it has been robbed of its terrors, and the children of to-day will probably never know of it except by name." Malaria has been on the decrease ever since the discovery that the malarial organism is transported by a species of mosquito. Even the five years ending 1906 show a progressive decline in the death rate from malarial fever in the registration area. The figures are 5.4, 4.3, 4.2, 3.9, and 3.5 deaths per 100,000 of population, for the five years in question. In themselves, the figures are so small as to show the virtual disappearance of the disease, at least from the Northern States. It is still very common in the Southern States. Its evil is by no means to be measured by the deaths it causes. It produces chronic disability and predisposes to other diseases. Finally, the furnishing of pure milk to the infant population of the cities is eliminating year by year the infant scourges-diarrheal diseases and related maladies. There are of course diseases which show no sign as yet of decreasing. The census volume, "Mortality Statistics of 1906" (p. 29) gives only one important disease (diabetes) as actually on the increase within the registration area, but several which are given as having "fluctuating rates," such as cancer, heart disease, and Bright's disease, seem still to have an upward trend. It is known that malaria is preventable. Why, then, is it not prevented in the South? Probably for two reasons. First, the facts are not generally known, owing to lack of vital statistics in the Southern States. Second, owing largely to this ignorance no adequate effort has yet been made. As an example of what can be done we have the cleaning of Havana by Colonel Gorgas. The following table, supplied by him, shows the deaths from malaria from 1899 to 1907: "The first year quoted, 1899, the malarial deaths were excessive, owing to the crowding into the city of the 'reconcentrados' and the starvation and misery thereby involved. "The next year, 1900, was about the normal rate. The next year, 1901, begins to show the effect of the antimalarial work done in connection with the yellowfever work; 1901 was the first year of mosquito work in Havana. The last year 1907, shows only 23 deaths from malaria. This means practically the extinction malaria in Havana. The item of 23 deaths in 1907 from malaria would probably be covered by the malarial cases coming in from the rural districts and by mistakes in diagnosis." The preventability of accidents is beginning to be appreciated. It is now proposed by Mr. W. H. Tolman to establish in New York a museum of safety and sanitation to demonstrate this fact. Mr. Frederick L. Hoffman, statistician. of the Prudential Life Insurance Company, estimates the number of deaths among male workers alone in 1908 as between 30,000 and 35,000. THE BREADTH OF LIFE VERSUS INVALIDITY. SECTION 1.-Loss of Time. Length of life is but one indication of vitality. Everyone recognizes that the life of a valetudinarian or an invalid, however long, is but a narrow stream. We may therefore conceive, besides the dimension of length, another dimension of life. which may be called its "breadth." By the breadth of life we mean its healthiness, Just as length of life is limited by and opposed to mortality or death, so breadth of life is limited by and opposed to invalidity or illness. An ideally healthy life, free throughout from ailment and disability, is rarely if ever found. But it is the aim of hygiene to approximate such an ideal. Some persons imagine that length of life can be purchased only at the expense of breadth, and counsel the deliberate shortening of one's life for the sake of living it faster. In exceptional cases such a policy may be justified, but the study of longevity reveals the fact that, as a rule, length and breadth of life are not opposed, but that, on the contrary, the one can seldom be increased without an increase of the other. Centenarians are usually persons who have been exceptionally free from illness and who have performed a large amount of work. This work is usually physical labor out of doors, although the few mental workers completing the century have also lived busy lives. Chevreul, the distinguished French chemist who died twenty years ago at the age of 103 lived a life of great activity and usefulness as laboratory experimenter, as industrial chemist, as university professor, and as a writer and lecturer. It was said of Alexander Von Humboldt, who was 90 at the time of his death, that he had not only lived twice as long as others in years, but that in work accomplished he had lived twice as much per day, thus enjoying four times the average lifetime. Such a It is shortsighted to spend more vitality each day than we earn. policy must not only prove suicidal sooner or later, but tends to narrow one's life in every way long before the arrival of death. The ordinary individual burns the candle at both ends. The result is almost universal invalidism in some degree. While statistics are lacking, a wide observation seems to justify the conclusion that it is difficult to find a man or woman over 40 whose health has not become impaired in some manner. Few who have not studied the facts realize how common illness is, although we all know it is sufficiently common to make the question "How are you?" the ordinary form of salutation. Serious illness is such as totally incapacitates a person from work, whether or not he is confined to his bed. The burden of serious illness is felt in several distinct ways. There is the annual idleness entailed by this illness, the cost of maintaining institutions devoted to the care of the sick, and the cost to the individual of medicines, medical service, and nursing. The amount of invalidity or illness in a community has been estimated by a number of different investigators, and in a number of different ways. While the results vary somewhat, on the whole they harmonize fairly well. The most careful consideration of the various illness statistics available was made by Farr. He finds that the rate of invalidity increases with age, and at the later ages increases with great rapidity. The material he has used has come chiefly from various friendly societies in Great Britain and Scotland, and especially from the East India Company. His final conclusion is probably nearly as valid to-day as then. It is that corresponding to each death in a community, there are a little more than two years of illness. Applying this Another way of expressing the same fact is that for each annual death, there are on the average two persons constantly sick during the year. estimate to the United States, in which about 1,500,000 persons die per annum, there are probable at all times about 3,000,000 persons seriously ill. This means an average of thirteen days per annum for each inhabitant. Returns gathered from 79 benefit societies in Scotland, aggregating over 100,000 members, and based on the experience of various periods between 1750 and 1821, showed that the average duration of sickness for each member under seventy years of age was ten days per year, 2 of which were assumed to be "bedfast" days, five as days of walking sickness, and three as days of permanent sickness. SECTION 2-Particular discases. It has been estimated that the number of persons in the United States constantly suffering from tuberculosis reaches 500,000. Of this number probably about half are totally incapacitated, while the remainder are able to earn about half of the ordinary wages. For every death from typhoid fever, there are about 8 cases of illness, averaging seventy-five days of incapacity. But this is not the only loss. Professor Sedgwick has said, "Hazen's theorem asserts that for every death from typhoid fever avoided by the purification of a polluted public water supply two or three deaths are avoided from other causes. Working under my direction Mr. Scott MacNutt has recently been able to confirm this surprising theorem, and even to establish it as conservative. We have also gone further than Hazen and discovered what the other causes are from which deaths are thus avoided; and, although our results are not yet all published, I may say that conspicuous among these are pneumonia, pulmonary tuberculosis, bronchitis, and infant mortality." The prevalence of the hook-worm disease in the South has been a matter of investigation for several years by Doctor Stiles of the Public Health and Marine Hospital Service. The disease is remarkable not so much for its fatality, though that is large, as for the chronic incapacity for work which it produces. For this reason the hook-worm has been nicknamed the "germ of laziness." The disease extends over the whole South, and is responsible for a large part both of the sickness (the so-called "faziness") and of the poverty of the "white trash." There are no satisfactory statistics as to the extent of hook-worm disease; but it has been estimated that the sufferers are incapacitated for labor from onefourth to one-half of their time. Most striking is the fact that the disease is easily preventable through the introduction of sanitary measures as well as curable by the proper (drug) treatment of the present victims. It has been largely eradicated from Porto Rico. Hook-worm disease weakens when it does not kill and is known to be a precursor of tuberculosis. Malaria is one of the diseases which are fatal relatively seldom, but which shorten life by predisposing to other causes of death, and narrow life by reducing working efficiency by a larger percentage. Doctor Howard states that each year there are probably 3,000,000 cases of malaria in the United States, most of which are in the South. This is practically all preventable. Dr. Prince A. Morrow says that the number of syphilitics in the United States has been estimated at 2,000,000. This disease is not only in itself a danger, |