call Exiptos, the Latins canis major, and we emphatically the dog-star.

Now from the rising of this star, not cosmically, that is, with the sun, but heliacally, that is, its emersion from the rays of the sun, the ancients computed their canicular days; concerning which, there generally passeth an opinion, that during those days all medication or use of physick is to be declined, and the cure committed unto nature. And therefore as though there were any feriation in nature or justitiums7 imaginable in professions, whose subject is natural, and under no intermissive, but constant way of mutation, this season is commonly termed the physician's vacation, and stands so received by most men. Which conceit, however general, is not only erroneous but unnatural, and subsisting upon foundations either false, uncertain, mistaken, or misapplied, deserves not of mankind that indubitable assent it findeth.8

For first, which seems to be the ground of this assertion, and not to be drawn into question, that is, the magnified quality of this star, conceived to cause or intend the heat of this season, whereby these days become more observable than the rest, we find that wiser antiquity was not of this opinion. For, seventeen hundred years ago it was a vulgar error rejected by Geminus, a learned mathematician, in his Elements of Astronomy, wherein he plainly affirmeth, that common opinion made that a cause, which was at first observed but as a sign; the rising and setting both of this star and others being observed by the ancients, to denote and testify certain points of mutation, rather than conceived to induce or effect the same. For our fore-fathers, saith he, observing the course of the sun, and marking certain muta

6 feriation.] Vacations. 7 justitiums.] Probably, statute laws. s there generally passeth, &c.] In the present day, it is difficult to believe that so absurd a position could have obtained general credence, even among the ignorant, much more that it could have exercised any influence on medical science. Yet that Sir Thomas knew it to have that influence in his day, is evident not only from the present, but especially from the concluding paragraph of this chapter. Nor is his estimate of the evil resulting from such a "vulgar error in practice" less forcibly proved by the pains, ingenuity, and labour, with which he attacks it, and from the great length to which his very judicious investigation of the subject is here carried.

tions to happen in his progress through particular parts of the zodiack, they registered and set them down in their parapegmes, or astronomical canons; and being not able to design these times by days, months, or years (the compute thereof, and the beginning of the year being different, according unto different nations), they thought best to settle a general account unto all, and to determine these alterations by some known and invariable signs; and such did they conceive the rising and setting of the fixed stars; not ascribing thereto any part of causality, but notice and signification. And thus much seems implied in that expression of Homer, when speaking of the dog-star he concludeth, Kaкóv cé Tε σñμа TÉTUKTAI, Malum autem signum est; the same, as Petavius observeth, is implied in the word of Ptolemy, and the ancients, Tepi mionμwowv, that is, of the signification of stars. The term of Scripture also favours it; as that of Isaiah, Nolite timere à signis cæli, and that in Genesis, ut sint in signa et tempora, let there be lights in the firmament, and let them be for signs and for seasons.

The primitive and leading magnifiers of this star were the Egyptians, the great admirers of dogs in earth and heaven; wherein they worshipped Anubis or Mercurius, the scribe of Saturn, and counsellor of Osyris, the great inventor of their religious rites, and promoter of good unto Egypt, who was therefore translated into this star; by the Egyptians called Sothis, and Siris by the Ethiopians, from whence that Sirius or the dog-star had its name is by some conjectured.9

And this they looked upon, not with reference unto heat, but celestial influence upon the faculties of man, in order to religion and all sagacious invention, and from hence derived the abundance and great fertility of Egypt, the overflow of Nilus happening about the ascent hereof; and therefore, in hieroglyphical monuments, Anubis is described with a dog's head, with a crocodile between his legs, with a sphere in his hand, with two stars, and a water-pot standing by him, implying thereby the rising and setting of the dog-star, and the inundation of the river Nilus.

But if all were silent, Galen hath explained this point

9 The primitive, &c.] This paragraph was added in 2nd edition; the next paragraph was added in the 3rd edition.

unto the life; who expounding the reason why Hippocrates declared the affections of the year by the rising and setting of stars; it was, saith he, because he would proceed on signs and principles best known unto all nations; and upon his words in the first of the epidemicks, In Thaso autumno circa equinoctium et sub virgilias pluviæ erant multæ, he thus enlargeth. If, saith he, the same compute of times and months were observed by all nations, Hippocrates had never made any mention either of arcturus, pleiades, or the dogstar, but would have plainly said, in Macedonia, in the month Dion,1 thus or thus was the air disposed. But for as much as the month Dion is only known unto the Macedonians, but obscure unto the Athenians and other nations, he found more general distinctions of time, and instead of naming months, would usually say, at the equinox, the rising of the pleiades, or the dog-star; and by this way did the ancients divide the seasons of the year, the autumn, winter, spring, and summer. By the rising of the pleiades denoting the beginning of summer, and by that of the dog-star the declination thereof. By this way Aristotle, through all his books of animals, distinguisheth their times of generation, latitancy, migration, sanity, and venation; and this were an allowable way of compute, and still to be retained, were the site of the stars as inalterable, and their ascents as invariable, as primitive astronomy conceived them; and therefore though Aristotle frequently mentioneth this star, and particularly affirmeth that fishes in the Bosphorus are best catched from the arise of the dog-star, we must not conceive the same a mere effect thereof; nor though Scaliger from hence be willing to infer the efficacy of this star, are we induced hereto, except (because the same philosopher affirmeth, that tunny is fat about the rising of the pleiades, and departs upon arcturus, or that most insects are latent from the setting of the seven stars), except, I say, he give us also leave to infer that these particular effects and alterations proceed from those stars, which were indeed but designations of such quarters and portions of the year, wherein the same were observed. Now what Pliny affirmeth of the orix, that it seemeth to adore this star, and taketh notice thereof by voice and sternuta

VOL. I.

1 Dion.] Itt is Dius, not Dion.-Wr.

2 G

tion, until we be better assured of its verity, we shall not salve the sympathy.

Secondly, what slender opinion the ancients held of the efficacy of this star, is declarable from their compute; for as Geminus affirmeth, and Petavius, his learned commentator, proveth, they began their account from its heliacal emersion, and not its cosmical ascent. The cosmical ascension of a star we term that, when it ariseth together with the sun, or the same degree of the ecliptick wherein the sun abideth; and that the heliacal, when a star which before for the vicinity of the sun was not visible, being further removed, beginneth to appear. For the annual motion of the sun from west to east being far swifter than that of the fixed stars, he must of necessity leave them on the east while he hasteneth forward, and obscureth others to the west, and so the moon which performs its motion swifter than the sun (as may be observed in their conjunctions and eclipses), gets eastward out of his rays, and appears when the sun is set.2 If therefore the dog-star had this effectual heat which is ascribed unto it, it would afford best evidence thereof, and the season would be most fervent, when it ariseth in the probablest place of its activity, that is, the cosmical ascent; for therein it ariseth with the sun, and is included in the same irradiation. But the time observed by the ancients was long after this ascent, and in the heliacal emersion, when it becomes at greatest distance from the sun, neither rising with it nor near it; and therefore had they conceived any more than a bare signality in this star, or ascribed the heat of the season thereunto, they would not have computed from its heliacal ascent, which was of inferior efficacy; nor imputed the vehemency of heat unto those points wherein it was more remiss, and where with less probability they might make out its action.

Thirdly, although we derive the authority of these days from observations of the ancients, yet are our computes very different, and such as confirm not each other. For whereas

2 the moon, &c.] This is obscurely sayde. Nor though the moon gets eastward of the sonne, i. e., to speak properly, appears on the east from the new to the full, yet from the full to the new shee appears west of him, which is nothing else but that going throughe the twelve times for his once, she must of necessity seeme sometimes eastward of him, and sometimes west, according to the diurnal motion.—Wr.

they observed it heliacally, we seem to observe it cosmically, for before it ariseth heliacally, unto our latitude, the summer is even at an end. Again, we compute not only from different ascents, but also from diverse stars; they from the greater dog-star, we from the lesser; 3 they from Orion's, we from Cephalus's dog; they from Sirius, we from Crocyon; for the beginning of the dog-days with us is set down the 19th of July, about which time the lesser dog-star ariseth with the sun, whereas the star of the greater dog ascendeth not until after that month. And this mistake will yet be larger, if the compute be made stricter, and as Dr. Bainbrigge,* late professor of astronomy in Oxford, hath set it down, who in the year 1629 computed, that in the horizon of Oxford, the dog-star arose not before the fifteenth day of August, when in our almanack accounts those days are almost ended. So that the common and received time not answering the true compute, it frustrates the observations of ourselves; and being also different from the calculations of the ancients, their observations confirm not ours, nor ours theirs, but rather confute each other.

Nor will the computes of the ancients be so authentic unto those who shall take notice how commonly they applied the celestial descriptions of other climes unto their own, wherein the learned Bainbrigius justly reprehendeth Manilius, who transferred the Egyptian descriptions unto the Roman account, confounding the observation of the Greek and Barbarick spheres.4

Fourthly (which is the argument of Geminus), were there such effectual heat in this star, yet could it but weakly

any

*Bainb. Canicularis.

3 the lesser, &c.] The observation of the dog-star's rising came from the Egyptians at Alexandria, lying under 30 degrees, where when the sun comes to the tropicks in the [....] degree of Cancer, both the dog-stars rise with him together, begin to increase the heate, which afterwards the sun coming towards Leo doubles, soe that they esteeme not of that heate from the dog-star's rise alone, but from their conjoynt rising with the sun in Leo. But the principall observation of the dogstar rising was from the course of their yeare, which they therefore cald "ETOÇ KUVIKÒv, as beginning always from the first cosmical rising of the dog-star.- Wr.

4 And this mistake, &c.] The conclusion of this paragraph, with the next, were first added in 3rd edition.