Europe from Afia. But Mr. Buffon maintains, that we owe this bird to America. His principal arguments in favour of this opinion are the following:

I.

Hernandez, about the year 1576, has mentioned this bird, in his Natural History of Mexico, as indigenous in that country.

2. Sperlingius, in his Zoologia Phyfica, printed in 1661, fays, Ante centum, et quod excurrit, annos, delata hæc. avis ex Novâ Indiâ in Europam.'

3. Travellers affirm, that few or no turkies are found in Afia.

Our author answers each of these arguments in their order. Some of his remarks are to this effect:

Cortez returned from the conqueft of Mexico in 1528. This then is the earlieft period, which can be aligned for the introduction of the turkey into Europe from America.

Four young turkies (confequently bred in England) were dreffed at a ferjeant's feast in 1555*. And I fufpect, fays Mr. Barrington, that I find a ftill earlier mention of these birds in England: for capons of Greafe, made part of an entertainment in the year 1467 †.

With regard to their being firft known in England, during the reign of Henry VIII. this depends upon the following old diftich:

Turkies, carps, hops, pickarel, and beere,

Came into England in one yeare.

Thefe lines are certainly erroneous with regard to fome of the particulars; but are generally agreed to have been made from the tenth to the fifteenth year of Henry VIII. or from 1519 to 1524; the latest of which is before Cortez's first return into Spain; and confequently, we must have been fupplied with these birds from fome other quarter than that of Mexico. It is to be observed also, that they are thus early called Turkies,' [Hops were first brought into England in 1525, and used in brewing; but the phyficians represented to parliament, that they were unwholefome; upon which the use of them was prohibited, 1528. Anderson.]

The name of this bird in most of the European languages muft afford a strong intimation of the country, from which it was originally brought.

The Spanish word is not, pavon de las Indias, as Mr. Buffon ftates; but fimply pavo, and formerly pago.' If

* Dugdale's Orig. Jur. p. 105.

+ Leland's Itin. vol. vi. p. 5.

This is the Spanish name given by Minshew.

however,

however, the name were pavon de las Indias, this term would not fignify the Weft Indies; for in all European languages the addition of Western is neceffary.' In France the name is, coq d'Inde; in Italy, gallo d'India & gallinaccio; in Germany, Indianischir hahn, the cock of India, and Kalekutischer hahn, the cock from Calecut. The English name is a prefumptive proof, that these birds were brought into England from Turkey. In all these terms, and others, which our author mentions, there is not the least allufion to their first coming from America.

We fhall add an authority to thofe, which Mr. Barrington has produced, (though we make no doubt, but that much earlier ones may be eafily found) and that is, the following account of the turkey in Minfhew's dictionary: • A turky cocke, or cocke of India; avis ita dicta, quod ex Africâ, et ut nonnulli volunt alii, ex Indiâ vel Arabiâ ad nos allata fit.Minshew's dictionary was published in 1625; and in this article he gives us the fentiments of preceding writers.

But this point, we apprehend, will admit of no difpute, if this bird was the meleagris of the ancients. Most of the early writers on ornithology have fuppofed, that they are the fame : but M. Buffon contends, that the meleagris was the peintade or Guinea-hen. Our author fays, he will not pretend to pronounce with any pofitiveness on this point; but he thinks, that neither of them was commonly known to the ancients. at least to the Romans, nor perhaps ufed by them as poultry; first, because it is fcarcely to be conceived, how these very useful birds, having been once introduced into Italy, could have been loft, as both turkies and guinea-hens were undoubtedly for many centuries: whereas the peacock, by no means so neceffary as either of them, was continued from the time of the Romans to the prefent century; fecondly, because none of the Roman writers allude to the difagreeable noife, or to the quarrelfome difpofition of the Guiney-hens; and thirdly, because they have defcribed the meleagris with great uncertainty. For thefe, and fome other reafons, he concludes, that when the Romans fpeak of volucres Libycæ, or Numidicæ, they only refer to a variety of the common fowl, the plumage of which might somewhat resemble that of the Guiney-hen, as we now diftinguish them by the name of Bantam, &c.

On this point we fhall content ourselves with one or two quotations. Varro, no incompetent judge of these matters, gives an account of three forts of fowl, the villaticæ, the rufticæ, and the Africanæ. Of the last he fays: Gallinæ Africanæ funt grandes, variæ, gibberæ, quas meleagridas appellant Græci, Hæ noviffimæ in triclinium ganearium [genia

num

num Scal.] introierunt è culinâ, propter faftidium hominum; veneunt propter penuriam magno. De tribus generibus, gallinæ faginantur maximè.' He then proceeds to tell us, how they are to be crammed and fattened. Var. de Re Ruft. 1. iii. 9. Columella fays: Africana eft, quam plerique Numidicam dicunt, meleagridi fimilis, nifi quòd rutilam galeam & criftam capite gerit, quæ utraque funt in meleagride cærulea.' De Re Ruft. 1. viii. c. 2. In this paffage Columella tells us, that these two birds differed only in the colour of their crest and comb. If fo, the gallina Africana and the meleagrides, mentioned by Varro, were birds of the fame species, the one properly called meleagris by the Greeks; the other, gallina Africana, or the meleagris of Africa.

The avis Afra was a delicacy at Rome, in the time of Horace *. And the authority of Varro fufficiently proves, that the meleagris was introduced into the Roman entertainments before the Auguftan age. There certainly can be no doubt, but that the latter was a fpecies of our turkey. The foregoing defcriptions can scarcely be applied to any other bird. Salmafius, who difcuffes this point very learnedly, fays, Meleagrides veterum noftræ funt galline Indice: nullo modo fuper hoc fas eft ambigere.' Salm. Plinian. Exer. p. 872.

From thefe confiderations we conclude, with our author, that, whether turkies were found in America by the first difcoverers or not, the Europeans are chiefly indebted to Afia, and perhaps Africa, for this valuable addition to our tables.

[7o be concluded in our next.]

Cardiphonia: or, the Utterance of the Heart; in the Course of a real Correfpondence. 2 vols. 12mo. 75. Buckland.

'HESE letters, as the author affures us, were publifhed

TH

with no other aim, but that of promoting the good of mankind, and being fubfervient to the gracious defigns of God in the gofpel;' and nothing furely could be more laudable than fuch a scheme. It was viewed in this light by his correfpondents; and they generously returned him his letters. For this piece of politenefs they will be amply rewarded; for inftead of two or three fugitive manufcripts, each of them will now receive two fubftantial volumes; not filled with

Hor. Epod. ii. 53. Afræ volucres placent palato. Petron. Numidicæ, meleagrides, phafianæ, were facrificed to Caligula. Suet. Cal. § 22.

Vid. Boch. Hieroz. 1. 1, 19. Hofm. Lex. Martinii Etymol. &c.

empty

empty compliments, or trifling anecdotes; but with pious obfervations, and spiritual instructions, feasoned with a holy *unction,' or to use our author's expreffion, drops of

grace *.' As we seldom have it in our power to give our readers any thing, but the fragments of profane and fecular learning, we fhall now, for once, endeavour to oblige them with something more found and favory.'

A fable:- I have an imperfect remembrance of an account I read, when I was a boy, of an ice palace, built one winter at Petersburg. The walls, the roof, the floors, the furniture, were all of ice, but furnished with tafte; and every thing, that might be expected in a royal palace, was to be found there; the ice while in the state of water being previously coloured, fo that to the eye all feemed formed of the proper materials; but all was, cold, ufelefs, and tranfient. Had the froft continued till now, the palace might have been ftanding; but with the returning fpring it melted away, like the bafelefs fabric of a vifion. Methinks there fhould have been one ftone in the building, to have retained the infcription, Sic tranfit gloria mundi; for no contrivance could exhibit a fitter illuftration of the vanity of human life. build and plan, as if their works were to endure for ever; but the wind paffes over them, and they are gone. In the midst of all their preparations, or, at fartheft, when they think they have just completed their defigns, their breath goeth forth, they return to their earth, and in that very day their thoughts perish.

Men

How many fleep, who keep the world awake.' Vol. I. p. 89. A caution against the wiles of the devil.- Satan will doubtless watch you, and examine every corner of the hedge around you, to see if he can find a gap, by which to enter.' p. 271.

A paradox.- If I had a proper call, I would undertake to prove, that to exhort and deal plainly with finners, to ftir them up to flee from the wrath to come, and to lay hold of eternal life, is an attempt not reconcileable with sober reason, upon any other grounds than those doctrines, which we are called Calvinifts for holding; and that all the abfurdities, which are charged upon us, as confequences of what we teach, are indeed truly chargeable upon thofe, who differ from us in thefe points...As to myself, if I was not à Calvinist, I think I should have no more hope of fuccefs in preaching to men, than to horfes and cows.' vol. ii. p. 69.

Vol. II. p. 293.

Advice to a young divine, on preaching without notes.— * A written fermon is fomething to lean upon; but it is best for a preacher to lean wholly upon the Lord,' p. 77.

--

Learning unneceffary. A few minutes of the fpirit's teaching will furnish us with more real, useful knowlege, than toiling through whole folios of commentators and expofitors... There is nothing required but a teachable humble spirit; and learning, as it is commonly called, is not neceffary, in order to this.' p. 91.-What occafion then for these two volumes?

Death a gentleman-usher. We are cafed up in vehicles of clay, and converfe together as if we were in different coaches, with the blinds close down round. We fee the carriage, and the voice tells us, that we have a friend within: but we fhall know each other better, when death fhall open the coach doors, and hand out the company fucceffively, and lead them into the glorious apartments which the Lord hath appointed to be the common refidence of them that love him.' p. 122.

Offers of fervice to Jefus Chrift, as a lackey, a journeyman, or in any other capacity. I am willing to ferve him for the fake of ferving him, and to follow him, as we fay, through thick and thin. I want to live with him by the day, to do all for him, to receive all from him, to poffefs all in him, to leave all to him, to make him my hiding-place, and my refting-place.' p. 171.

The Lord a match-maker. You were fent into the world for a nobler end than to be pinned to a girl's apron-ftring; and yet if the Lord fees it not good for you to be alone, he will provide you a helpmeet. I fay, if he fees the marriage ftate beft for you, he has the proper perfon already in his eye; and though the were in Peru, or Nova-Zembla, he knows how to bring you together.' p. 173.

Notwithstanding this, many a good man is deceived.

In Captain Cook's Voyage to the South Sea, fome fish were caught, which looked as well as others; but those who eat them were poisoned: alas, for the poor man, who catches a poisonous wife. There are fuch to be met with in the matrimonial feas, that look paffing well to the eye; but a connection with them proves baneful to domeftic peace, and hurtful to the life of grace. I know two or three people, perhaps a few more, who have great reafon to be thankful to Him, who fent the fish, with the money in its mouth, to Peter's hook. He fecretly inftructed and guided us where to angle.' p. 192.

Good reafons for being thankful. Surely I have reason, in my worst times, to be thankful, that I am out of hell, out of Bedlam, out of Newgate.'

Thankf