Page images
PDF
EPUB

A

HISTORY OF THE CHURCH,

FROM

THE EARLIEST AGES

то

THE REFORMATION.

BY THE REV. GEORGE WADDINGTON, M.A.

FELLOW OF TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, AND PREBENDARY OF

FERRING, IN THE CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF CHICHESTER,

published UNDER THE SUPERINTENDENCE OF THE SOCIETY FOR THE DIFFUSION OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE.

VOLUME THE SECOND.

LONDON:

BALDWIN AND CRADOCK, PATERNOSTER ROW.

MDCCCXXXIII.

LONDON!

PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES,

Stamford Street.

From the Death of Gregory VII. to that of Boniface VIII.

CHAPTER XVII.

(1.) Papal history-Urban II.-Council of Placentia-that of Clermont-their principal acts-The Crusades-their origin and possible advantage-Pascal II.-Renewed disputes with Henry-his misfortunes, private and public-his death and exhumation-Henry, his son, marches to RomeConvention with Pascal respecting the regalia-its violation-Imprisonment of the Pope-his concessions-annulled by subsequent Council-Henry again at Rome-Death and character of Pascal-Final arrangement of the investiture question by Calixtus II.-Observations-The first Lateran (ninth general) Council-Death of Calixtus-Subsequent confusion and its causes— Arnold of Brescia-his opinions, fate, and character-Adrian IV.-Frederic Barbarossa-Disputes between them, and final success of the Pope-Alexander III.-his quarrel with Frederic, and advantages-his talents and merits-Celestine III.-The differences between Rome and the Empire-The internal dissensions at Rome on papal election-National contentions between Church and State. (II.) Education and theological learning-Review of preceding ages-in Italy and France-Parochial schools-Deficiency in the material-Papyrus-Parchment-Consequent scarcity of MSS.-Invention of paper-Three periods of theological literature-the characteristics of each-Gradual improvement in the eleventh century.

CHAPTER XVIII.-Pontificate of Innocent III.

Prefatory facts and observations-Circumstances under which Innocent ascended the chair-Collection of Canons-Condition of the clergy-Ecclesiastical jurisdiction-by what means extended -Innocent's four leading objects-(1.) to establish and enlarge his temporal power in the city and ecclesiastical states-Office of the Prefect-Favourable circumstance, of which Innocent avails himself-his work completed by Nicholas IV.-(2.) to establish the universal pre-eminence of papal over royal authority-His claims to the Empire-His dispute with Philippe Auguste of France-he places the kingdom under interdict-submission of Philippe-His general assertions of supremacy-particular applications of them-to England and France, Navarre, Wallachia and Bulgaria, Arragon and Armenia-His contest with John of England-Interdict-the Legate Pandulph-Humiliation of the King-(3.) to extend his authority within the church-Italian clergy in England-his general success in influencing the priesthood-Power of the Episcopal OrderThe fourth Lateran Council. Canons on transubstantiation-on private confession-against all heretics-(4.) to extinguish heresy. The Petrobrussians-their author and tenets. Various other sects, how resisted. The Cathari-supposition of Mosheim and Gibbon the more probable opinion-The Waldenses-their history and character-error of Mosheim-Peter Waldus-his persecution. The Albigeois or Albigenses-their residence and opinions-attacked by Innocent-St. Dominic-title of Inquisitor-Raymond of Toulouse-holy war preached against them-Simon de Montfort-resistance and massacre of the heretics. The crusade of children-Continued persecution of the Albigeois-Death of Innocent.

CHAPTER XIX.-On the Monastic System.

(I.) Early instance of the monastic spirit in the east-Pliny the philosopher-The Therapeutæ or Essenes The Ascetics-their real character and origin-The earliest Christian hermits-dated from the Decian or Diocletan persecutions-Cenobites. Pachomius and St. Anthony-originated in Egypt-Basilius of Cæsarea-his order and rule-his institution of a vow questionable-Monasteries encouraged by the fathers of the fourth and fifteenth ages-from what motives-Vow of celibacy-Restrictions of admission into monastic order-Original monks were laymen-Comparative fanaticism of the east and west-Severity and discipline in the west-motives and inducements to it-contrasted with the Oriental practice-Establishment of nunneries in the east. (II.) Introduction of monachism into the west-St. Athanasius-Martin of Tours-Most ancient rule of the western monasteries-their probable paucity and poverty-Benedict of Nursia -his order, and reasonable rule, and object-Foundation of Monte Cassino-France-St. Columban-Ravages of the Lombards and Danes-Reform by Benedict of Aniane-The order of Cluni-its origin, rise, and reputation-its attachment to papacy and its prosperity-The order of Citeaux-date of its foundation-Dependent Abbey of Clairvaux-St. Bernard-its progress and

X

decline-Order of the Chartreux. (III.) Order of St. Augustin-Rule of Chrodegangus-Rule of Aix-la-Chapelle-subsequent reforms. (IV.) Connexion between the monasteries and the Popemutual services-The military orders-(1.) The Knights of the Hospital-origin of their institution-their discipline and character-(2.) Knights Templar-their origin and object-(3.) The Teutonic order-its establishment and prosperity. (V.) The mendicant orders-causes of their rise and great progress-(1.) St. Dominic-his exertions and designs-(2.) St. Francis and his followers-compared with the Dominicans-apparent assimilation-essential differences-disputes of the Franciscans with the Popes, and among themselves-Inquisitorial office of the Dominicans, their learning and influence-quarrels with the Doctors of Paris-Austerity of the Franciscansthe Fratricilli-(3.) The Carmelites-their professed origin-(4.) Hermits of St. Augustin-Privileges of these four orders. (VI.) Various establishments of Nuns-their usual offices and character-General remarks-The three grand orders of the Western Church (suited to the ages in which they severally appeared and flourished)-The Jesuits-The Monastic system one of perpetual reformation-thus alone it survived so long-its merits and advantages-The bodily labour of the Monks-their charitable and hospitable offices-real piety to be found among them-supe intendence of education, and means of learning preserved by them-limits to their utility-their frequent alliance with superstition-their early dependence on the Bishops-gradual exemption, and final subjection to the Pope-Their profits and opulence, and means of amassing it-Luther a mendicant.

CHAPTER XX.-From the Death of Innocent III. to that of
Boniface VIII.

The ardour of the Popes for Crusades-its motives and policy-Honorius III.-Frederic's vow to take the cross, and procrastination-Gregory IX.-his Coronation-he excommunicates the Emperor-who thus departs for Palestine-Gregory impedes his success, and invades his dominions-their subsequent disputes-Innocent IV.-his previous friendship with Frederic-Council of Lyons-various charges urged against Frederic-Innocent deposes Frederic and appoints his successor on his own papal authority-Civil war in Germany-in Italy-death of Frederic-his character and conduct-his rigorous Decree against Heretics-Observations-Other reasons alleged to justify his deposition-this dispute compared with that between Gregory VII, and Henry-Taxes levied by the Pope on the Clergy-Crusade against the Emperor-Exaltation of Innocent-his visit to Italy and intrigues-his death-his qualities as a statesman-as a churchman-expression of the Sultan of Ægypt-Alexander IV.-Urban IV.-Clement IV.-Introduction of Charles d'Anjou to the throne of Naples-Gregory X.-his piety, and other merits-Second Council of Lyons-Vain preparations for another Crusade-Death of Gregory-Objects of Nicholas II.-Martin IV.-Senator of Rome-Nicholas IV. diligent against Heresy-Pietro di Morone or Celestine V.-circumstances of his elevation-his previous life and habits-his singular incapacity-disaffection among the higher Clergy-his discontent and meditations-his resignationBoniface VIII.-his excessive ambition and insolence-on the decline of the papal power-his temporal pretensions-Sardinia, Corsica, Scotland, Hungary-Recognition of Albert King of the Romans-and act of his submission-Philip the Fair-The Gallican Church-origin of its liberties -St. Louis and the Pragmatic Sanction-Differences between Boniface and Philip-Bull Clericis Laicos-its substance and subsequent interpretation-Affairs of the Bishop of Parmiers-Bull Ausculta Fili-burnt by Philip-Conduct of the French Nobles-of the Clergy-of Boniface. Bull Unam Sanctam-other violent proceedings-Moderation of Philip-further insolence of the Pope -Philip's appeal to a General Council-William of Nogaret-Personal assault on Boniface-his behaviour and the circumstances of his death.

CHAPTER XXI.

On Louis IX. of France-his religious and ecclesiastical acts and projects-On the origin and establishment of the Inquisition-On some of the principal effects of the Crusades-The Pragmatic Sanction, and the Liberties of the Gallican Church.

« PreviousContinue »