ABBESSES, 400

Abbots, their office, 383

St. Bernard, 328

Adamites, the, a sect of Bohemian fanatics,
599

Adrian I., 223

IV. (Nicholas Breakspeare) 311
Ælia Capitolina, new city founded by Adrian
from the ruins of Jerusalem, 6
Eneas Sylvius (Piccolomini) espouses the
pretensions of the pope after advocating
the imperial claims, 638; account of him,
639; raised to the pontificate on the death
of Calixtus III., with the name of Pius II.,
ib.; convokes the council of Mantua for a
crusade against the Turks, 640; an em-
bassy from the East arrives at Rome, 641;
Pius canonizes St. Catharine of Sienna,
ib.; discourages attempts at reform in the
church, formerly advocated by him, 642;
recants his early opinions, ib.; his exer-
tions against the Turks, 643; and death,
ib.

Agapæ, or Love Feasts, 27

Ailly, Pierre d', cardinal of Cambrai, an ad-
vocate for reform in the church, 549
Albigeois, or Albigenses, sect of, 355, 707;
Bossuet's error respecting them, 705, note
Alexander III. excommunicates Frederic

Barbarossa, 313; encourages learning,
314
V. (Peter of Candia) elected by the
council of Pisa in opposition to the two
antipopes, 529; his death, 530

VI. (Roderic Borgia, nephew of
Calixtus III.), his infamous character,
650; elected on the death of Sixtus IV.,
651; enters into negotiations with Bajazet
against Charles VIII. of France, 652;
his donation of the Indies to Ferdinand
and Isabella, ib.; its validity contested by
the Portuguese, 653; he retires to the
Castle of St. Angelo on Charles's entry
into Rome, ib.; is suspected of poisoning
Zizini, the brother of Bajazet, 654; his
death occasioned by a scheme of his own
for poisoning a cardinal, 655
Alexandria, introduction of Christianity at,

15

Ambrose, St., account of, 137

Ammianus Marcellinus, account of, 119
Anchorets, 365

Annates, or first year's income of vacant be-
nefices, disputes relative to, between the
pope and the council of Constance, 563;
restored after being abolished by the Prag-
matic Sanction, 663, note
Anselm, his writings, 327, note
Ansgarius introduces Christianity into Den-
mark and Sweden in the ninth century, 269
Ante-Nicene Church, 199
Anthony, St., monachism instituted by, 365;
also nunneries, 372
Antioch, church of, 7
Antoninus Pius, his edicts in favour of the
Christians, 47

Marcus, his strict persecution of
the Christians, 47; his character, 48
Apocrisiarii, papal envoys, 156
Apollinaris, bishop of Laodicea, his opinions
regarding the Incarnation, 181
Apostles' Creed, 27

Aquinas, St. Thomas, 472

Arian Controversy, 90; decided by the coun-
cil of Nice, 93

Arians, divisions among them, 97; Semi-

Arians, ib.; character of the Arians, 102
Arianism, opposed by Theodosius the Great,
99; spreads among the Goths, 100; ex-
tirpated from Spain by the council of To-
ledo, 101

Arius, account of, 90

Arles, cardinal of, president of the council of
Basle, 574; his death, 636

Armenians, their negotiations with the pope,
after separating from the Greek church,
628; Leo expresses to Innocent IV. a
desire for a re-union with the Latin church,
629; doctrinal errors imputed to them by
the pontiff, 630

Arnold of Brescia, an early reformer, 311;
put to death, 312; political as well as re-
ligious reformer, 714, note
Artemon, his heresy, 67
Ascetics, 364

Asia, the seven churches of, 8
Asylum, practice of, 697
Athanasian Creed, 219

Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria, account of,
95; banished by Constantius, 96; Julian's
enmity to him, 117

Athens, progress of Christianity at, 11

Avignon, removal of the papal see to, by Cle-
ment V., 478; decline of the papal power
at this period, 493; one of its causes the
profligacy of the court of Avignon, 494
Augustin, St., bishop of Hippo, opposes the
Donatists, 168; account of him, 170;
Erasmus's parallel between him and St.
Jerome, 172; his private life, 173; op-
poses the doctrines of Celestius, 178; and
those of Pelagianism, 179

hermits of, a religious order, 393
Auricular confession established, 267
Austin, St., introduces Christianity into Eng-
land, 143; Jortin's character of him, 144,

note

Bajazet, offer of alliance made to him by
Alexander VI, 652; his brother Zizini
detained as a hostage by Alexander, and
supposed to have been poisoned by him,

654

Baptism, sacrament of, 27; efficacy im-
puted to it, 37

Basil, St., archbishop of Cæsarea, introduces
monachism into the Greek church, 368
Basle, council of, convoked, 565; its objects,
566; contentions with Eugenius IV., 567;
its articles of reformation, 570; final breach
with the pope, 572; the president, cardinal
of St. Angelo, deserts to the pontiff, 573;
questions as to the legitimacy of the coun-
cil, ib.; it deposes Eugenius, 574; and
elects Amadeus, duke of Savoy (Felix V.),
575; and dissolves itself, ib.; general
principles of this council and that of Con-
stance, 579

Beghards, a sect so called, 502

Benedict of Aniane, 265; founds a more
rigid institution of monachism, 378

St., of Murcia, founder of an order
of monks, 375; its rule, ib.

XII. attempts to reform some of the
abuses in the church and the monastic
orders, 486

XIII. (Peter of Luna, a Spaniard)
elected on the death of Clement VII, 521;
refuses to accede to the measures proposed
for healing the schism in the church, ib.;
the French court withdraws its obedience,
523; persists in asserting his authority in
opposition to the decision of the council of
Constance, 539; he is deposed, 541; his
death and character, 543
Benefices, foundation of, 228

Benincasa, Ursula, the Ursuline nuns derive
their title from her, 401
Berenger, archdeacon of Angers, opposes the
doctrine of transubstantiation, 293; twice
retracts his opinions, and again returns to
them, 294

Bernard, St., account of, 325; his writings,
326; his disputation with Abelard, 328;
his zeal in support of papal authority, 329;
censures appeal to the see of Rome, 331;
declaims against the degeneracy of the
clergy, 333; his character, 334; his cha-

racter of the Romans, 339; preaches
against Henry (founder of the Henricians),
350; preaches the second crusade, 453
Bishops, their office and authority in the
early church, 23; their oppressive conduct,
161; their gradual assumption of power,
216; translation of bishops prohibited in
the ninth century, 266

Bohemia, religious insurrection in, 598; sect
of the Thaborites, 599; the Adamites
massacred by Zisca, ib. ; embassy to the
council of Basle for the purpose of healing
religious dissensions, 600; the Calixtins,
ib.; renewal of the war, 601; the reform-
ers concede most of their claims by the
compact of Iglau, 602; the pope refuses to
agree to the concordat, ib.; Pogebrae de-
posed by Paul II., 603; sect of the United
Brethren, ib.; the schismatics of Bohemia
invited to enter into a union with the Greek
church, 627

Bonaventura, St., theological writer, 473
Boniface VIII., his ambition and insolence,
432; his temporal pretensions, 433; lays
claim to Scotland, ib.; his disputes with
Philip the Fair of France, 435; publishes
a bull against him, which the other burns,
436; persists in summoning the French
clergy to Rome, 437; his bull Unam
Sanctam, ib.; he is seized by the French,
438; his singular death, 440′′

IX. (Pietro Tomacelli) elected on
the death of Urban VI., 518; his avarice,
ib.; permits Cologne and Magdeburg to
hold a jubilee, 519; promises to resign on
condition of Benedict XIII. doing the
same, 522; his government, 524; his
death, 526

Borgia Rodrigo. See Alexander VI.

Cæsar, natural son of the preceding,
quits the ecclesiastical profession and is
made duke Valentino, 654; in danger of
being poisoned at the same time with his
father, 655; he promotes the election of
Julius II., 657

Bourges, council of, which fixes the liberties
of the Gallican church, convoked by Charles
VII.,576; the Pragmatic Sanction passed
by it, 577

Brescia, Angela di, founder of the Ursuline
nuns, 401

Bruno, St., founds the order of La Char-
treuse, 381

Bruys, Pierre de, an early reformer, and
founder of the sect of Petrobrussians, burnt
alive, 350

Burgundians, converted to Christianity, 121,

nole

Calixtins, sect of reformers in Bohemia, 600
Calixtus II. appoints a diet at Worms for
settling the disputes regarding Investiture,
308

III. (Alphonso Borgia) succeeds
Nicholas V., 637; introduces the system
of Nepotism, 638

Calumnies against the early Christians, 53
Cambalu (Pekin), see of, founded by Clement
V., 699

Canonization, first instance of, 641, note
Canons, regular and secular, 384
Capucines, order of, 396, note

Cardinals, college of, 273; rise and progress
of their power, 677; Muratori's explana-
tion of the origin of the title, ib., note;
institution of the conclave, 678
Carmelites, order of, 393

Catechumens, one of the two classes of a
congregation, 37

Cathari, sect of, 352

Catharine, St., of Sienna, 400; her fanati-
cism, 491; sent on a mission to Gregory
XI., ib.; supports the claims of Urban VI.
against Clement VII., 516
Celestine V. (Pietro di Morone), the hermit
pope, succeeds Nicholas IV., 429; his
character and incapacity, 430; resigns his
office, 431; kept in prison for the rest of
his life by his successor Boniface VIII.,

432

Celibacy, 38, note

of the clergy, 210

Cesarini, Julian, cardinal of St. Angelo, pre-
sident of the council of Basle, refuses to
transfer it to Bologna, 566; his zeal for
reform in the Catholic church, 568; passes
over to the papal party, 573; distinguishes
himself at the council of Ferrara, 621;
killed at the battle of Varna, 625, note
Charlemagne, his liberality to the church,
164; his Capitulary for the reform of the
clergy, 165; extends their jurisdiction,
222; corrects the discipline of the church,
264

Charles Martel, his victory over the Saracens,

147

the Bald dispossesses his brother Lo-
thaire, with the sanction of the council of
Aix-la-Chapelle, 245; Adrian II. endea-
vours to exclude him from his succession,
246

VIII. of France, alliance against
him between Alexander VI. and Bajazet,
652; he enters Rome, 653; does homage
to Alexander, ib. ; Savonarola's interview
with him, 715

Chartreuse, or Carthusian order, 381
Christians, the early, their unpopularity, and
the calumnies and charges against them,
52, &c.

Chrysostom, St. John, account of, 138; his
doctrine, 140

Church, difference between Eastern and
Western, 158; schism between the Greek
and Latin churches, 193; the Ante-Nicene
church, 199; the church in connexion with
the state, 214; its internal administration,
216; general benefits derived from the
church, 232. See Roman Catholic church.
Church government, 20; at the beginning
of the third century, 35; ditto fourth ditto,
79; alterations in it under Constantine,

and its alliance with the state, 81; abuses
in the church in latter times, 480
Circumcellions, 168

Cistercian order of monks, 380
Claudius, bishop of Turin, a reformer in the
ninth century, 268

Clement V., archbishop of Bourdeaux, con-
ditions imposed upon him by Philip the
Fair, 477; removes the papal see to Avig-
non, 478; appoints a council at Vienne to
inquire into the conduct of the Templars,
ib.; his death and wealth, 481, note

VI. shortens the period of the Ju-
bilee to fifty years, 487; his quarrels with
Louis of Bavaria, 488; his profligate cha-
racter, 489

VII. elected at Fondi by the cardi-
nals, in opposition to Urban VI., 514;
acknowledged in France, 515; his death,

520

Clergy, origin of the distinction between
them and the laity, 22; Charlemagne's
reform of the clergy, 165; jurisdiction of
the clergy, 221; extended by Charlemagne,
222; condition and morals in the ninth
century, 319; their general immorality,
696

Clovis, king of the Franks, converted to
Christianity, 120

Cluni, monastic order of, founded, 380
Coenobites, 367

Communion, the cup forbidden to the laity,

691

Community of property among the early
Christians doubtful, 25
Conclave, the, institution of, 678
Concubinage of the clergy, 696
Confession introduced by St. Leo, 126;
established, 267, 348

Constance, council of, convoked by John

XXIII. to settle the schism in the church
and papacy, 532; it declares for the cession
of the three popes, 535; further account
of the proceedings of this council, 553; it
appoints a college of reform, 554; it is
dissolved, 563

Constantine the Great, 76; his character,
78; constitution of the church in his time,
79; alterations introduced into it, 81; his
division of its administration, 82; state of
Christianity and paganism in his reign,
105; his edict of toleration, 106
Constantius patronises Arianism, 95; re-
moves Athanasius, 96; convokes the
council of Rimini, 98

Controversies, religious, their origin, 89
Corinth, establishment of Christianity at, 11
Councils and Synods, origin of, 24

Nice, 91; second ditto, 188;
Rimini, 98; Constantinople, 99; Chalce-
don, 125; fourth council of Carthage,
130; Toledo, 159; Placentia, 303; Cler
mont, 304; the first Lateran, 310; Vienne,
479; Constance, 532; Ferrara, 573

-, general, remarks on, 189
Creeds, 26; the Apostles' Creed, 27

Cross, sign of, efficacy imputed to, 38
inscription of the true, pretended to be
found at Rome, 695
Crusades, origin of, 304; account of, 452;
St. Bernard preaches the second crusade,
453; subsequent crusades, 454; those of
St. Lewis, 455; causes of the crusades,
456; favoured by the superstitious zeal of
the times, 459; objects of the first crusade,
460; of the others, ib. ; policy of the popes
in regard to them, 461; decline of the
crusading spirit, 462; effects of the cru-
sades, 463; privileges of crusades, ib.,
note; the crusades productive of intole-
rance, 465

Cyprian, bishop of Carthage, 35; his zeal in
behalf of episcopal power, 36; his mar-
tyrdom, 50

Cyril, patriarch of Alexandria, opposes the
doctrine of Nestorius, 182

the false, 223, 286; rejected by

the Greek church, 612

Denmark, Christianity introduced into, in
the ninth century, 269

Diocletian, his persecution, 51

.

Ephesus, church of, 8; council of, 182
Epiphanius, bishop of Salamis, 105
Episcopal government, earliest form of, 23
Erasmus, 717

Eucharist, sacrament of, 27

Euchites, a sect of mystics in the Greek
church, 608

Eugenius IV. succeeds Martin V., 565; his
character, ib.; his disputes with the coun-
cil of Basle, 567; the intrigues of his
legate to thwart its measures for reform,
572; he appoints a council at Ferrara,
573; is deposed by that of Basle, 575
Eusebius, account of, 86

Eutyches, opposes Nestorius, 184; con-
demned by the council of Chalcedon, ib.
Exorcism, 203

Fathers, the apostolical, 71

Felix V. (Amadeus, duke of Savoy) elected on
the deposition of Eugenius IV. by the coun-
cil of Basle, 575; but resigns after the
election of Nicholas V., ib..

Ferrara, council of, convoked by Eugenius

IV. in opposition to that of Basle, 573;
deputies from the Greek church arrive to
settle the differences between the two
churches, 621

Festivals, the two first, 26

Flagellants, the, account of, 504; eight
thousand massacred by the Teutonic order,
505

Forgeries, religious, 38, 204

France, Christianity introduced into, 14
Francis, St., of Assisi, founder of the Fran-
ciscan order, 389; his stigmata, 693

Docetæ, sect of, 64

Dominic, St., 388

Dominicans, 390, 391; their dispute with

the university of Paris, ib.

Donation of Constantine, the forgery so called,
224

Donatists, the, 167; persecuted by Constans,

168; their influence lessened by Augus
tin, ib.; decision against them by the con-
ference of Carthage, 169; their doctrine,
ib.; frequency of suicide among them, 170
Double procession, the, account of, 196
Dulcinus, his heresy, 503; and death, 504

Easter, disputes respecting the celebration of,

Encratites, sect of, 64

among them, 392

Frederic Barbarossa, his jealousy of the
papal authority, 312; sets up the antipope
Octavian, 313

II. engages to make a crusade, 415;
his letter to Henry III. of England, ac-
cusing the Roman see of rapacity, 416;
proceeds to Palestine, 417; deposed by
Innocent IV., his former adherent, 419;
his death and character, ib.
Frisingensis, Otho, introduces the scholastic
method into Germany, 471, note

Gallican church, its independence founded
by Lewis IX., 450
Germany, progress of Christianity in, 144;

the abuses of the church particularly dis-
played in, 718

Gerson, chancellor of the university of Paris,
exposes the vices of the clergy, 550; at-
tacks the decretals, &c., 553; exhorts to
severity against the Bohemian schismatics,
589, note

Gladiatorial games abolished by Honorius,

116
Gnosticism, 61

Gnostics, their doctrines, 62

spiritual jurisdiction in, 682, note

a council at Mayence, 259

Gospel, the Eternal, account of the work so
called, 507

Goths, early converts to Christianity, 120
Gratian, his collection of decretals, 467
Greek church, its history after its separation
from the Latin, 604; persecution against
the Paulicians, 605; heresies imputed to
them, 606; prevalence of mysticism in the
east, 607; Euchites, or Messalians, 608;
Hesychasts, or Quietists, 609; the sect of
Bogomiles founded by Basilius, 610; dis-
tinctions between the Greek and the Latin
church, 611; the reverence of the former
for antiquity, 613; dominion of the Latins
in Constantinople, 614; the Latin com-
munion established there, 615; the chief
of the Greek church retire to Nice, 616;
Latin mission to Nice, 617
Gregory Nazianzen, 136

the Great, 149; Jortin's character
of him, ib., note; maintains the doctrine
of purgatory, 151, 212; his reverence for
relics, 152; canon of the mass instituted
by him, 153

VII. (see Hildebrand) interdicts the
marriage of the clergy, 277, and simony,
278; excommunicates the emperor Henry
IV., 281; his temporal usurpations, 283;
his objects in the internal administration
of the church, 286; avails himself of the
false decretals, ib.; his double scheme of
universal dominion, 287; liberated from
Henry, who enters Rome, by Robert Guis-
card, 288; dies at Salerno, 289; his cha-
racter, ib.; the Latin liturgy established
by him, 295

IX., his splendid coronation, 415;
excommunicates Frederic II. for not pro-
ceeding to his crusades, 416; persists in
persecuting him, 417

X.elected while in Palestine, 425;
endeavours to reconcile the Greek and
Latin church, 426; his death, 427

XI., St. Catherine of Sienna sent on
a mission to him, 491; violence of the
populace, and of party in conclave after his
death, 510

XII., Angelo Corrario, titular pa-
triarch of Constantinople, succeeds Inno-
cent VII., 527; refuses to heal the schism
in the church, caused by the pretensions
of the antipopes, ib.; the cardinals con-
voke the council of Pisa, 528; and elect
Alexander V., 529

Henry V., son of the preceding, quarrels
with Paschal II., and takes him prisoner,
307

Heresy, origin of the term, 581
Heretics, early, their numbers, 59; three
classes of, 61; various heretical sects in
the twelfth century, 350; treatment of
heretics, 709; canon of the fourth Late-
ran council against, ib.

Hermits of St. Augustine, order of, 393
Hesychasts, or Quietists, sect of, in Greece,
609

Hierapolis, bishops of, 9
Hilary, bishop of Poictiers, 105
Hildebrand, a monk of Cluni, carried to
Rome by Leo IX., 272; his policy for ex-
tending the papal power, 275; succeeds
Alexander II., 276. See Gregory VII.
Hincmar, archbishop of Rheims, asserts the
independence of the church against Lewis
III., 247; his character, 252
Honorius, gladiatorial games abolished by,
III., 415

116

Host, elevation of the, 691
Hungary, Christianity first introduced into,
270

Huss, John, account of, 585; summoned
by the Council of Constance, 586; his
opinions and attachment to those of Wiclif,
ib.; imprisoned by the Council of Con-
stance, 590; accused, 591; his trial;
592; condemnation, 593; and execution,
595

Iconoclasts, 188

Ignatius, St., bishop of Antioch, 7; his

epistle to the Smyrnians, 8; his writings, 72
Images, use of, 151; controversy on, 187;
edict of Constantine Copronymus against,
188; restored by the empress Irene, ib.;
the emperor Michael attempts to discard
them, 190; their worship restored by
Theodora, 191

Immorality, general, of the clergy, 696
Incarnation, the, controversy on, 181
Indulgence, plenary, traffic in, 466

adopted by Boniface IX., 518; re-
marks on, 674
Infallibility of the Pope, 673
Innocent III., his pontificate, 335; lays
France under interdict, for Philippe Au-
guste refusing to take back his divorced
bride, 343; excommunicates the English
king, John, 345; imposes the Saladin tax,
346; convokes the fourth Lateran council,
347; urges Simon de Montfort against
the heretics, 358; his death and character,
359; his policy in regard to the crusades,
461; his apprehension of the mystics, 708

IV., excommunicates and deposes
Frederic II. in the council of Lyons, 418;
his conduct, 422; and character, 424;
establishes the Inquisition in the North of
Italy, 447