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The cases marked in italics are in the present language. Throughout the Indo-European tribe, the Demonstrative idea is expressed by t, or by some modification of it. Sanscrit Tat, that; tataras, such a one out of two. Lithuanic Tas, he; toks, such. Slavonic tako, so. Latin Tot, talis, tantum. Greek Tooos, ToiOS, TÓTε. English This, that, thus.

§ 232. THESE. The s is no inflection, but a radical part of the word, like the s in geese. The form in Anglo-Saxon is pûs. According to Guest, the plural termination of the word is the letter e, and this e is the Old English and the Anglo-Saxon Adjectival Plural; so that thes-e is formed from thes, as gode (= boni) is formed from god (bonus).

§ 233. THOSE is perhaps the Anglo-Saxon þá, with s added; or, perhaps, the pâs, from pis, with its power altered. The English form they is illustrated by the Anglo-Saxon form dageþá. There is much uncertainty resting upon the doctrine of the forms in question.

§ 234. According to Latham, the Demonstrative Pronouns are, 1. He, it; 2. She; 3. This, that; 4. The. The reasons he assigns for this classification are, 1. That the personal pronouns, exclusive of He, it, and she, form a natural class by themselves, distinguished by the absence of Gender, and Defectiveness; 2. That the idea expressed by He, it, and she is naturally that of Demonstrativeness, corresponding to the meaning of is, ille, and hic, which are Demonstrative Pronouns; 3. That the plural forms they, their, them, in the present English, are the plural forms of the root of that, a true Demonstrative Pronoun; so that even if he, she, and it could be treated as Personal Pronouns, it could only be in their so-called Singular Number; 4. That the word she has grown out of the Anglo-Saxon seó, and that seó was in AngloSaxon the feminine form of the Definite Article, the Definite Article being a Demonstrative Pronoun.

CHAPTER X.

RELATIVE PRONOUNS.

§ 235. THE Relative Pronouns (Latin relatum refero) are, WHO, WHICH, THAT, and WHAT. They not only relate to some preceding word or phrase called the Antecedent, but perform the office of a Conjunction in connecting Sentences. § 236. WHO is applied to persons, WHICH was formerly applied to persons; it is now applied only to animals and things without life. THAT is used for who or which, and is applied to both persons and things. WHAT, in its derivation the neuter of who, is, in its use, a compound relative, including the antecedent and the relative, and is equivalent to that which or those which; as, "this is what I wanted;" that is, the thing which I wanted. For the connecting power of the

relatives, see Syntax.

WHO and WHICH are the same in both numbers, and are thus declined:

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WHAT admits of no variation. As a simple relative, it has been so far replaced by which that its use is now vulgar.

§ 237. 1. WHICH is a substitute for a sentence, or a part of a sentence, as well as for a single word; as, "We are bound to obey all the divine commands, which we can not do without divine aid."

2. WHICH is sometimes used as an Adjective; as, "For which reason he will do it."

3. WHICH Sometimes relates to persons; as, "Tell me which of the two men."

§ 238. 1. WHAT is sometimes used as an Adjective, either in the singular or plural number; as, "In what character

Butler was admitted into the lady's service is not known;" "It is not material what names are assigned to them."

2. WHAT is sometimes used as a Pronominal Adjective and a Relative Pronoun in the same sentence; as, What God but forbidden field." Here what God the God who. enters yon forbidden field."

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3. WHAT Sometimes stands for an Indefinite idea; as, "He cares not what he says or does."

4. WHAT Sometimes stands for a sentence or clause; as, "I tell thee what, corporal, I could tear her."

stands for "I could tear her."

Here what

§ 239. 1. THAT is a Relative Pronoun when it is convertible into who or which.

2. THAT is a Pronominal Adjective when it defines or limits a substantive; as, "That flower is beautiful."

3. THAT is a Demonstrative Pronoun when it represents noun and is not a relative. See 230.

4. THAT is a Conjunction when it serves merely to connect sentences; as, "I eat that I may live."

§ 240. The word As is sometimes used as a Relative Pronoun; as, "The man as rides to market.”

§ 241. WHO, WHICH, and WHAT have sometimes the words ever and soever annexed to them; as, Whoever, whichever, whatever, whosoever, whichsoever, and whatsoever. These words are a kind of Compound Relative, and have the same construction as what; as, "Whoever will follow Christ must expect reproach;" "At once came forth whatever creeps."

WHOSO was anciently in use as the nominative of two verbs; "Whoso is out of hope to attain to another's virtue, will seek to come at even hand by depressing another's fortune."

§ 242. The Relative Pronouns WHO, WHICH, and THAT have been called Subjunctive, because they can not introduce an independent sentence or proposition, but serve only to subjoin one to another which is previous. The Personal Pronouns, on the other hand, have been called Prepositive, because they are capable of leading or introducing a sentence, without having any reference, at least for the purposes of construction, to any thing previous. Of the nature of the subjunctive pronoun is the Interrogative.

CHAPTER XI.

INTERROGATIVE AND RESPONSIVE PRONOUNS.

§ 243. WHO, WHICH, and WHAT are called Interrogatives (Latin interrogare, to ask) when they are used in asking questions; as, Who is there? Which is the book? What are you doing? Interrogative pronouns are those by which the demonstrative relation of a person or thing is asked.

1. WHO, used interrogatively, is applied to persons; WHICH and WHAT to both persons and things.

2. WHETHER, signifying which of the two, was anciently used as an interrogative; as, "Whether is greater, the gold or the temple?" In this sense it is now obsolete, being replaced by which.

3. A Relative refers to a subject that is antecedent; an Interrogative to one that is subsequent; as, "John, who did it;""Who did it? John."

§ 244. "WHO inquires for the name; WICH, for the individual; WHAT, for the character or occupation. Thus, Who wrote the book? Mr. Webster. Which of the Websters? Noah Webster. What was he? A lexicographer.

$245. "In answering questions, WHO, WHICH, and WHAT have been called RESPONSIVES. The word used to answer the question must be the same as the one used to ask it; thus, Who wrote the book? I do not know who wrote it. Which of the gentlemen was it? I do not know which of them it was. What is he? I do not know what he is."-Hart's Grammar, p. 58.

A Responsive Pronoun is often used when no Interrogative Pronoun has been previously used in the construction, and thus implies a question; as, "I can not tell who wrote this book."

WHO is applied to persons indefinitely; but WHICH is applied to persons definitely. "Who will go up with me to Ramoth-Gilead?" is indefinitely proposed to all who shall hear the question. "Which of you, with taking thought, can add to his stature one cubit ?" is an interrogation ad

dressed to an individual, as appears from the partitive form of the words "which of you"="what one of you all."

§ 246. DECLENSION IN ANGLO-SAXON OF HWAET =

Neut.

WHAT, AND HWA WHO.

Nom., Hwæt,

Gen., Hwæs,

Masc.

Hwá.

Hwæs.

Acc. Hwæt,

Abl. Hwi (Why),

Dat., Hwám,

Hwone (Hwane) (When).

Hwi.

Hwám.

§ 247. WHICH, Anglo-Saxon Lic, like; hwa, who; MasoGothic Hvêleiks; Old High-German Huëlih; Anglo-Saxon Huilic, hvile; Old Frisian Hwelik; Danish Hvilk-en; Scotch Whilk; English Which. In its origin it is a Com pound.

Throughout the Indo-European tribe the Interrogative or Relative idea is expressed by k, or by a modification of k; e. g., qu, hv, or h; as, Sanscrit Kas, who; kataras, which of two; katama, which of many; Lithuanic kas, who; koks, of what sort; Russian kto, who; kolik, how great; Bohemi. an kotory, which; Latin quot, qualis, quantus; Ionic Greek KÓOOÇ, KOĨOG, KÓTE; Maso-Gothic huer; English who, what, why, which, where.

RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS.

§ 248. A RECIPROCAL PRONOUN is one that implies the mu tual action of different agents. EACH OTHER, and ONE ANOTHER, are our reciprocal forms, which are treated exactly as if they were compound pronouns, taking for their genitives each other's, one another's. Each other is properly used of two, and one another of more.

THE INDETERMINATE PRONOUN.

§ 249. ONE, as used in the phrases one does so and so, one is in doubt, has been called an Indeterminate Pronoun. One says they say it is said =man sagt, German = on dit, French. This is from the Old French hom om. This is so far substantival that it is inflected. Genitive singular, one's own self; plural, "My wife and little ones are well."

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