Pioneer, from French pionnier.
Scrutineer, from French scrutin.

Sonneteer, from French sonnetier.

Volunteer, from Latin voluntarius, French volontaire.

Note. There remain engineer, from French ingénieur; career, from French carrière; privateer, of uncertain origin; chanticleer, a compound word from the French.

ENGLISH PREFIXES DERIVED FROM THE FRENCH.

§ 356. Besides the prefixes derived from the French which retain their original Latin form, there are others whose form is more or less disguised by passing through the French. It is the latter which we propose to examine with some minute

ness.

I. A (French a Latin ad), to:

1. Having its original force of an adverb; as, Avail, (to be efficacious to or for,) avise, (obsolete,) avouch, avow. 2. As a preposition, with its complement :

(1.) Forming mere adverbial phrases; as, Adieu, (from à Dieu, to God); apart, (from à part, aside); so Abandon, (from à ban donner, to give to the ban).

(2.) With substantives, and forming verbs neuter; as, Agree, (from à gré, as if to come into accordance); or verbs active; as, Achieve, (from à chef, as if to bring to an end); alarm, (from à l'arme, as if to summon to arms); amass, (from à masse, as if to collect into a mass).

(3.) With adjectives, and forming factitive verbs; as, Abase, (from à bas, as if to bring low); aver, (from à vrai, as if to make true); so with an infinitive termination, Amelior ate, (from à meilleur, as if to reduce to a better state).

II. A, (French a Latin ab,) from, away, having its original force of an adverb; as, Abate (to beat down); avenge, (to take vengeance from).

III. A, (French a or e-Latin e), out of:

1. Having its original force of an adverb; as, Afraid, Old English afrayed, affrayit, (from French effrayer-Latin effrico).

2. As a preposition, with its complement; as, Amend, (from French amender Latin emendo, as if to free from faults).

IV. Anti, (French anti-Latin ante,) before, having its original force of an adverb; as, Anti-chamber, (a chamber or apartment before the principal apartment to which it leads).

V. Avant, (French avant Latin ab ante,) from before, having its original force of an adverb; as, Avant-guard, (the advanced body of an army).

VI. Coun, (Old French coun=Latin con,) together, having its original force of an adverb; as, Council, counsel, countenance, country.

VII. Counter, (Old French countre=Latin contra):

1. Having its original force of an adverb, and in divers

senses:

(1.) Over against; as, Counterdraw, counterfoil, counterfort, counter-gage, counter-guard, counter-light, countermark, countermure, counter-opening, counterpart, counter-seal, countersign, counter-stock, counterview.

(2.) Against, in opposition; as, Counteract, counter-attraction, counter-current, countermand, countermine, counter-motion, counter-movement, counter-negotiation, counter-noise, counter-passant, counter-plea, counter-poison, (a poison to act against other poisons,) counter-vote, counter-wind, counterwork.

(3.) Against and equally; as, Counterbalance, counterpoise, countervail, counterweigh.

(4.) In a contrary direction, by; as, Counterbuff, countermarch, counter-wheel.

(5.) In return, reciprocally; as, Counterchange, counterpaled.

(6.) In imitation; as, Counterfeit.

2. As a preposition, with its complement, against; as, Counter-charm, counter-natural, counter-poison, (an antidote against a poison).

VIII. De, (French de=Latin dis,) as an adverb, implying negation; as, Derange, (to disorder).

IX. En, before a labial em, (French en, before a labial em
Latin in, before a labial im):

1. Having its original force of an adverb, in; as, Enclose, engrave, employ, emprise, enwrap.

2. As a preposition, with its complement, and that in various significations:

(1.) In; as, Enambush, encage, encase, encave, encharge, enchase, encradle, endanger, enfetter, engulf, ensnare, entrap, embark, embattle, embed, embottle, embrothel, embrace, embroil, empannel, empuzzle.

(2.) On; as, Enthrone, empale, (to put to death on a stake).

(3.) With, denoting the instrument; as, Enamor, enchain, encircle, enclouded, encourage, encrimson, endow, enfamish, enrage, envenom, embalm, embar, emblaze, embloom, emboss, embow, embroider, empale, (to fence with stakes,) empark, empassion, empoison, empower, empurple.

(4.) Among; as, Enable, (as if to place among the able,) endear, enfeeble, engross, enwiden, embase, embellish, embolden, embrave, embusy, empoverish. These verbs, when neuter, are called inchoatives; when active, factitives.. (5.) Into, denoting condition; as, Enact, (as if to pass an act,) encamp, envassal, embale, embay, empeople. (6.) Against; as, Empeach.

into

X. En, (French en=Latin in,) Latin in,) as an adverb, denoting negation; as, Enemy, (Latin inimicus,) enmity.

XI. Enter or entre, (French entre-Latin inter): 1. Having its original force of an adverb, and signifying, (1.) Between, among; as, Enterplead, enterprise, entertain, entertissued, entrepot.

(2.) Mutually; as, Enterdeal, enterlace, enter-parlance. 2. As a preposition, with its complement, between; as, Entremets.

XII. Mal, (French mal Latin male,) as an adverb: (1.) Badly; as, Maladministration, malanders, malconformation, malfeasance, malformation, malpractice, maltreat, malversation.

(2.) Equivalent to dis; as, Malapropos, malcontent, mal

ease.

XIII. Outre, (French outre Latin ultra); as, Outrage. XIV. Par, (French par Latin per,) through, entirely; having its original force of an adverb; as, Pardon, paramour, paramount, paravail, paravaunt.

XV. Pur, (French par=Latin per,) through; as, Appurtenance, purtenance.

XVI. Pur, (French pour = Latin pro,) forth, out; having its original force of an adverb; as, Purchase, (to pursue, procure,) purl, purfle or purfile, (a profile, outline,) purloin, (to remove far away,) purparty, (a dividing out,) purpose, purport, purpresture, pursue, purvey, purview.

XVII. So, (French se=Latin sub,) under, during; as a preposition, with its complement; as, Sojourn, (to stay during the day).

XVIII. Sur, (French sur-Latin super):

1. Having its original force of an adverb, and that in various significations:

(1.) Upon, over; as, Surcingle, surcoat, surprise, surround, survey, surview, survise.

(2.) Over, beyond; as, Surmount.

(3.) Beyond, in time; as, Survive.

(4.) Beyond, in a metaphorical sense; as, Surpass. (5.) Over and above; as, Suraddition, surcrew, surname, suroxyd, surplus, surrebut, surrejoin, survene.

(6.) Over, in excess; as, Surcharge, surfeit, surmise, surquedry.

(7.) Nearly redundant; as, Surcease.

2. As a preposition, with its complement; as, Surbase, surface, surplice, surtout.

XIX. Tres, (French tres = Latin trans,) beyond, over; having its original force of an adverb; as, Trespass, (to pass beyond or over).

NATURAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE GREEK PORTION OF

OUR LANGUAGE.

§ 357. The Greek portion of our language may be conveniently classified thus:

(1.) Stem-verbs, or roots, with the surd sign prefixed, as they are not used in English; as, √ baph, in baptism ; √ graph, in graphic.

(2.) Stem-adjectives; as, Cal, in caligraphy.

3.) Stem-substantives; as, Bomb, chord.

(4.) Words with suffixes; as, Lyric, nomad, gnome. See

$358.

(5.) Words with prefixes; as, Analyze. See § 359. Compound words; as, Astronomy, geography.

GREEK SUFFIXES.

§ 358. a, (Greek 7,) the Greek feminine termination Lat. inized, retained in nouns of action imperfectly Anglicized, and of course having no peculiar significancy, and dropped before an additional suffix; as, Hyperbola, (pref. hyper +√bal + suff, a,) whence hyperbolic; parabola, (pref. para +✔bal + suff. a,) whence parabolic.

a, (Greek a,) the Greek neuter plural termination; as, Apocryph-a, hagiograph-a.

ac, (Greek ako-ç,) for ic, (Greek iko-5,) after a preceding i, and forming adjectives; as, Elegiac, (from elegy,) maniac, (from mania,) symposiac, (from symposium).

ax, before another suffix simply ac, (Greek as, whence nom. aš, gen. akos,) forming substantives; as, Anthrax, (pref. ana+✓ther + suff. ax,) whence anthracite; climax, (√clin + suff. mat+suff. ax,) whence climacter.

ad or ade, (Greek að, whence nom. aç, gen. ados,) forming concrete nouns of number; as, Mon-ad, tri-ad, tetr-ad, hexade, hebdom-ad, dec-ade, chili-ad, myri-ad; names of nymphs; as, Dry-ad, nai-ad, ore-ad; names of poems; as, Iliad, (from Ilium, proper name); and other concrete nouns; as, Cyclades, (proper name,) nomad, (√ nem + suff. ad,) sporadic, (√ spar + suff. ad + suff. ic).

al, (Greek aλo-s, aλ-n, aho-v,) forming nouns; as, Pet-al, phi-al or vi-al, (√pi + suff. al,) sand-al, scand-al, (√ scad + suff. al).

an, (Greek avo-ç, av-n, avo-v,) forming gentile nouns; as, Ancyran, (from Ancyra, proper name,) Sardian, (from Sardis, proper name); denoting the instrument; as, Bot-an-y, organ, (verg+suff. an,) mech-an-ic, trep-an, tympan, (√ tup 4 suff. an); also forming other words; as, Orph-an, ptis-an. ant, for an, (Greek avo-ç,) forming gentile nouns; as, Pheasant, (from Phasis, proper name).

e mute, (Greek os, n, ov,) simply a mutilation of the Greek