516 Note 1. WHAT is sometimes used Adverbially as equivalent to partly; as, "The year before he had so used the mat ter, that what by force, and what by policy, he had taken from the Christians about thirty castles." Note 2. WHAT is also used improperly instead of the Con junction that; as, "I can not say but what he did it." THAT is now improperly used for what; as, "We speak that we do know, and testify that we have seen." Note 3. WHAT is sometimes used as an Interjection; as, "What! even denied a cordial at his end?"-Pope. Note 4. The Pronouns WHATSOEVER, WHICHSOEVER, WHOSOEVER, and the like, are elegantly divided by the interposition of the corresponding substantive; as, "In what light soever we view him, his conduct will bear inspection." Note 5. WHETHER, in sense of which of two, was anciently used as a relative pronoun; as, "Let them take whether they will." INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. § 493. RULE XXX.-Interrogative Pronouns are in the same case in the question as the words with which they coincide in the answer: DIRECT. Quest. Who is this? Ans. I. Ans. His. Quest. Whom do you Quest. Whose is this? seek? Ans. Him. OBLIQUE. Quest. Who do you say that it is? Ans. He. Quest. Whose do you say that it is? Ans. His. Quest. Whom do you say that they seek? Ans. Him. The answer should always be made by means of a Pro noun, as, by so doing, we distinguish the Accusative case from the Nominative; and, if necessary, it should be made in full. Thus the full answer to Whom do you say that they seek? is, I say that they seek him. Nevertheless, such examples as Whom do they say it is? are common, especially in Oblique questions: I am? "And he axed hem, and seide, Whom seien the people that Thei answereden and seiden, Jon Baptist; and he seide to hem, But whom seien ye that I am?"-Wiclif. Luke, ix., 18-20. "Tell me, in sadness, whom is she you love?"—Romeo and Juliet, i., 1. "And as John fulfilled his course, he said, Whom think that I am?"-Acts, xiii., 25. ye Three circumstances encourage the confusion: 1. The presence of a governing verb; as, "Tell me whom she is." Here tell is made to govern whom, instead of whom being left as who, to agree with she. 2. The omission of really Oblique Antecedent or Relative; as, "Tell me whom she is you love." Here the full construction requires a second Pronoun: "Tell me who she is whom you love," or else, "Tell me her whom you love." 3. The use of Accusative or Nominative forms in the case of Personal Pronouns; as, to the question, "Who is this?" many would answer, not I, but "Me." This confusion of the Case in the answer favors a confusion of Case in the question. It is clear that much of this reasoning applies to the Relative powers of who as well as to the Interrogative. RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS. $ 494. RULE XXXI.-In the phrases "They love EACH OTHER;""They killed ONE ANOTHER," there is a Reciprocal construction. In the one case, each is in apposition with they, or included in it, in the nominative case; in the other, one is in apposition with they, or included in it: in both, other is in the objective case. In a reciprocal construction, two or more propositions are abbreviated into one; as, "John and Henry love each other" Another re "John loves Henry, and Henry loves John." fers to one of many, the other to one of two: "Two men were standing on the road, and another came up ;" "Two men were standing on the road; one walked away, and the other remained." Another is sometimes improperly used for each other: "These two kinds of diction, prose and poetry, are so different one from another." Here each other is the correct phraseology. INDETERMINATE PRONOUNS. = § 495. RULE XXXII.-In phrases like ONE SAYS they say on dit, French, only a general relation is expressed; the pronoun has no particular antecedent. One, in such phrases, is different in its origin from the Numeral one, though often confounded with it. See § 249, 250. It also is used Indeterminately either as the Subject or the Predicate of a proposition; as, "It is this;" "this is it;" "I am it;" "it is I." When it is the Subject of a proposi tion, the verb necessarily agrees with it, and can be of the singular number only, no matter what be the Number of the Predicate: It is this; it is these. When it is the Predicate of a proposition, the Number of the Verb depends on the Num ber of the Subject. THERE, adverbial in its classification, but Pronominal in its origin, is also used Indeterminately, but only as the Predicate of a proposition. It differs from it in this respect, and therefore differs from it in never affecting the Number of the Verb. This is determined by the nature of the Subject: There is this; there are these. Though a predicate, there always stands in the beginning of propositions, i. e., in the place of the Subject. EXERCISES IN THE SYNTAX OF PRONOUNS. § 496. RULE XV.-I who was present canst testify. F.S. The lady will arrive, for I passed him on the way. F. S. He who have not virtue is not truly wise. F. S. Note 1. The soldiers, they have all fled. The lamb, thy riot doomed to bleed to-day, F. S. Had he thy reason, would he skip and play? C. S. § 497. RULE XVI.-Virtue and truth are in themselves convincing. C. S. Note 1. Thou and he will suit themselves. F. S. § 498. RULE XVII.-Henry or William will give us their company. F. S. Principle, and not profession, is demanded. F. S. Every leaf, every twig, every drop of water teem with life. F. S. Note 1. Neither the General nor his officers showed himself. F. S. 2. The committee was divided in its opinions. F. S. $499. RULE XVIII.-Thou and I will attend church today. C. S. 1 the S c. It is desirable that he I, Zachary Taylor, President of the United States. C. S. Note 1. a. It snows. b. It was supposed that the French army were marching out of Spain. should return. d. It was the Americans who first applied steam to navigation. e. Who went to Boston? it was I. f. It was Murat who led the cavalry. g. How is it with our general? h. They lorded it over the land. 2. This rule is not so general but that it admitteth of his exceptions. Give the modern equivalent. 3. We have taken up this book for examination. C. S. Yet for my sons, I thank ye Gods 'tis well, Well have they perished, for in fight they fell. 4. You two are travelers from California. C. S. You, William, will go to New York. C. S. 5. Will they ride? Give the English Equivalent 8. Think me not lost, for thee I Heaven implore, I, when abstracted from the world you seem, Hint the pure thought, and frame the heavenly dream. F. S. 9. He pursued the prisoner, but he escaped. F. S. § 500. RULE XIX,-In his anger he struck himself. C. S. C. S. C. S. C. S. C. S. 2. He suffers, but the fault is in ourselves. 3. He is obliging, but he loves his own dear self. 4. I am mindful that myself is (or am) strong. 5. During the preparatory scene, sit thee down. 6. Busk ye, busk ye, my bonny, bonny bride. 7. My brother, my sister, and myself will come. 8. Unless, as I said, Messieurs, you are the masters, and not me. F. S. C. S. F. S. § 501. RULE XX.-This is true charity; that is only its image. C. S. Note 1. Some place the bliss in action, some in ease; Those call it pleasure, and contentment these. C. S. 2. Carry them letters to the post-office. F. S. RULE XXI.-Henry is a pupil who possesses fine talents. RULE XXII.-I pursued John, who fled from me. C. S. RULE XXIII-Joseph, the son of Jacob, who deceived his father. C. S. Joseph, the son of Jacob, who was Governor of Egypt. F.S. I am the man who loves. C. S. RULE XXV.—I am happy in the friend which I have long proved. F. S. The men and things which he has studied have not improved his morals. F. S. He is like a beast of prey, who destroys without pity. F. S. RULE XXVI.—They who have labored to make us wise are entitled to our gratitude. C. S. RULE XXVII-The persons who conscience and virtue support may smile at the caprices of misfortune. F. S. That is the student who I gave the book to. F. S. This the man whose virtues are admired. C. S. § 502. Who lives to virtue, he lives to wisdom. C. S. Note 1. Who lives to virtue rarely can be poor. 2. The lady I saw last week. C. S. 3. He acted cowardly, which ruined his reputation. C. S. by which member I do not know. C. S. 5. He suffered martyrdom under Nero, who was but another name for cruelty. F. S. 6. There was, which can be proved, a great change in the politics of the party. C. S. 7. I can not tell which of the prophets said this. C. S. Our Father which art in heaven. § 503. The bravest man that ever fought might have trembled. C. S. |