erty alone confers the right of suffrage. The first duty of Kentucky citizenship is to repeal the Goebel election law, which is the source and continuing strength of the wrongs done in this State." The Democrats, in State convention at Lexington, July 20, nominated J. C. W. Beckham for Governor. Among the resolutions adopted were the following:

We recommend that the election law of 1898, which was enacted to prevent the repetition of well-known Republican frauds in certain districts of this State and which was a marked improvement upon the then existing law, but which has not proved sufficient for that purpose, be amended so as to secure this end so thoroughly that the most hypercritical can find no excuse for charging fraud or unfairness to our party in the conduct of the election. Until such amendment can be enacted by the General Assembly we declare that the Republican party shall have representation upon both the State and all county boards of election commissioners.

"We declare to the world that the mob and the assassin shall not be the arbitrators of the rights of the citizens of Kentucky, nor shall the penalty of an appeal to the law and the regular constituted authorities be death at the hands of assassins. Law and order must and shall prevail in Kentucky. "We present to the people of Kentucky the picture of an army of intimidation, unlawfully quartered in the public buildings of the State; a State Senator, in the discharge of his duty to the State, stricken down by an assassin's bullet, fired from ambush in the executive building, then occupied by his political adversary, who hoped to profit by his death; that adversary arming, filling, and surrounding the building with armed men, instructed to defy the civil authorities and prevent search for the assassin; the same political adversary and Republican pretender, by force, dissolving the Legislature, in violation of the Constitution; attempting by military power to force the Legislature to meet in a veritable slaughter pen for the Democratic members; driving its members through the streets of Frankfort at the point of the bayonet, forcibly preventing the Legislature from meeting in its lawful and proper place; keeping armed riotous and disorderly men under the very window of the room where lay dying the assassin's victim; driving the Court of Appeals from the Capitol; aiding with the soldiery and spurious pardons those lawfully accused of capital crimes to flee from justice, and by military force defying the writ of habeas corpus; the same Republican pretender fleeing from the State after indictment and remaining a fugitive from justice, protected by an open violation of the Constitution of the United States, after having declared to the people of the State, I am a citizen of this State and amenable to its laws; I am not a criminal, neither shall I ever be a fugitive from justice. Whenever indicted I shall appear for trial."

The convention of the People's party, at Louisville, Aug. 1, made W. H. Carden the candidate for Governor, demanded the repeal of the Goebel election law, and recommended the initiative and referendum.

The Prohibitionists named John D. White as their candidate for Governor. Besides reaffirming the general principles of the party, they declared in favor of an election law that would insure the counting of every voter's ballot as it is cast.

The vote on presidential electors stood: Democratic, 234,899; Republican, 226,801; Prohibitionist, 2,429; People's party, 2,017; Social-Democrat, 760; Social-Labor, 289. Mr. Beckham was elected Governor, and he was inaugurated Dec. 11.

KOREA, or CHO-SEN (“ Morning Radiance"), a country in eastern continental Asia, between Japan and China and adjacent to Russian, British, and German possessions on what was once Chinese territory. It is separated from Siberia and Russian Manchuria by the Ever-White mountains and the two rivers the Tumen on the north and the Yalu on the west. Without an exact census, estimates of population vary from 10,000,000 to 15,000,000 souls, females being in the minority, owing to less care being taken of the girls in infancy and childhood. Of the three social classes, the gentry (yang-ban, meaning civil and military) live in idleness, not usually paying taxes or tolls, and to some extent in Government employ, or in expectation of it. The common people are almost wholly agricultural, and below them are the seven degraded classes. Physically the Koreans are a finer race than the Japanese, and more refined looking than the Chinese, but they lack moral stamina. Confucianism is the cult of the higher classes, and a debased form of Buddhism the religion of the common people. Sorcery and superstitions abound, influencing nearly all the actions of life. Old evidences of these exist numerously in the grotesque stone and wood sculptures of mythical beasts, the carved wooden distance posts, and the idols set up at the entrances of villages. Christianity, in making rapid headway, is greatly modifying social customs. The old guilds which formerly controlled all industry are abolished in form, but are still powerful.

Government.-—Ki-ja, an ancestor of Confucius, is called the founder of Korean civilization, 1122 B. C. Four great historical periods are noted. Old Cho-sen lasted from 1122 B. C. to 9 A. D., giving way to San-Han, or the Three Kingdoms (9-960 A. D.), and these to the one kingdom of Korai (960-1392), and this to the Cho-sen of to-day, founded by the present ruling dynasty in 1392, when Seoul, on Han river, was made the capital. The ancient limits of Korea were far greater than at present. In 1864 the dynasty failed of direct heirs, and the present King, then a minor, was nominated, his father, the Tai-WenKun, being the virtual ruler of the kingdom twenty years. The King reached his majority in 1873. Since the war between China and Japan in 1894-'95, as confirmed by the treaty of Shimonoseki, Korea is no longer a vassal to China, but an independent state. On Oct. 14, 1897, the King assumed the title of Emperor, naming his realm Dai-Han (Great Han, in distinction from the ancient San-Han, or Three Kingdoms). In August, 1899, the written Constitution of the kingdom was issued. Its nine articles declare the country's independence and the absolute power of the King. He is assisted in government by a Council of State and 9 ministers, presided over by the Premier. The ministries are Royal Household, Finance, Home Affairs, Foreign Affairs, War, Justice, Agriculture, and Education. There are 14 provinces in which is a governor and 360 districts in each of which a magistrate presides. Except revenue vessels Korea has no navy, but her army of 5,000 men is uniformed, armed, and drilled in modern style. Of foreign interests in the domain, those of Japan outweigh all others, but Russian influence is very powerful. To the new and specially appointed envoy to Tokio, in November, 1900, the Mikado's Government declined to assure Korea's complete neutrality.

Open Ports. Nine ports are open to foreign trade, including Chemulpo, 20 miles south of the capital and connected with it by railway; Fusan, in the southeast coast, between which and the capital surveys and estimates for a railway have

been completed; and Wonsen, in the northeast, on Broughton's Bay. Since 1880 foreigners, mostly nontrading, have lived in Seoul. Two new ports were opened in 1895-Mokpo, in the southwest of Chulla province, halfway between Shanghai and Nagasaki, a growing place with a good harbor, and Chinampo, on the northern shore of the Ping-Yang inlet. Since May 1, 1899, 4 new ports have been opened-Kunsan, on the west coast, south of Chemulpo; Masampo, on the southeast, near Fusan; Sungchin, on the east coast; and the city of Ping-Yang, in the north, as a trade mart. Of 20 lots of land sold at Kunsan in April, 1900, 17 were purchased by Japanese and 3 by Chinese. The Masampo concession consists of 83 acres of level land, 300 acres of hill land, and 25 acres of foreshore. The plot acquired by Russia at Chupok-po, near Masampo, measures

83 acres.

There are about 20,000 Japanese in Korea, of whom 4,258 live at Chemulpo, 1,979 in Seoul, 381 in Chinampo, 140 in Ping-Yang. Most of them live in families, the number of women being about two thirds as great as of the men. A majority live at Fusan. While Korean subjects in China have full treaty rights with the most favored nation, in Korea the Chinese can not do stationary trade outside the treaty ports.

The number of Chinese in Seoul and Chemulpo is 1,500 in each place, and in the other ports the total is 500. Almost the whole of the import trade of Korea is in the hands of Chinese, who, since the war of 1894-'95, when they lost their commercial ascendency, have regained it by their superior commercial morality, absence of speculative enterprise, firmness in combination, perseverance, and frugality.

Foreign Trade. Although the gold export in 1899 was 557,567 yen, yet general trade declined to the extent of 13 per cent., in comparison with the figures of the previous year, or more than 2,627,568 yen. The chief factor affecting both export and import trade is rice, the value of the export of which in 1899 was 688,805 yen less than in 1898, in spite of the good crop of 1899. Japan is Korea's only consumer of rice. At Chemulpo the Koreans have formed a Chamber of Commerce to protect themselves against Japanese and Chinese. Japan's ascendency is limited to yarns and cotton fabrics. In 1898 the Japanese imports reached a total of 3,389,000, and her exports 279,000,000 yen, while the Chinese imports reached a total of 4,396,000 and the exports 1,097,000 yen. In exports the trade for 1899, compared with 1898, declined to the extent of 711,640 yen on account of the decrease in value of the ginseng exported. The crop of 1899, a Government monopoly, yielded 1,030,000 yen. The chief imports were English and Japanese shirtings, lawns, muslins, and piece goods, the former worth 80,000 and the latter 190,000,000 yen, besides metals, grass cloths, millet, railway plant machinery, and building material. Japanese yarn showed an increase of 470,000 yen, American petroleum 150,000 yen, and mining sup-, plies 170,000 yen. While the Chinese control the import trade, the Japanese control the export trade, the Japanese apparently knowing how to deal with the Koreans better than the Chinese, and, with their manufacturing centers so close at hand, excelling the English in most of the textile articles, and especially in the importation of yarn, which rose in 1899 to 1,468,300 yen, as compared with 997,490 yen in 1898, nearly 50 per cent., while English yarn fell from 89,790 to 74,960 yen in the same years, the Japanese yarn being so much lower in price. The imports of cotton goods for 1899 form more than half the total imports of the

country. The imports that are growing in favor with Koreans are candles, window glass, and sewing machines. In shipping, foreign trade shows an excess of 502 steamers and an increased tonnage of 159,129 tons in 1899, compared with the previous year. Of 1,666 steamers, with an aggregate tonnage of 746,020 tons, 1,159 steamers and 602,227 tons were Japanese, 4 vessels, of 3,341 tons, were German, 61 vessels, with 51,863 tons, were Russian, and the remainder Korean. The German vessels were under charter to the Japanese.

Mining and Foreign Interests.-The mineral wealth is apparently the greatest among Korea's possibilities. Gold is exported duty free, hence the known figures of export of this metal, 278,825 yen in 1900, are far below the reality. The British syndicate controls the Unsan gold mines, which employ about 500 men, mostly natives. The American gold mines are near Wonsen. The goldbearing strata, similar in their nature to the Witwatersrand in South Africa, are in a secondary deposit extending to a great distance. At the Wonsen mine, near Ping-Yang, 20 American crushing mills are in operation, with more on their way. Mr. Leighunt, the concessionaire, employs 1 physician, 20 foreigners, 11 Japanese, and 400 Koreans. The Korean Government receives one fourth of the net profits. At Taion, in the same district, an American concessionaire employs 23 foreigners, 8 Japanese, and 600 Koreans. În April, 1900, a survey of the interests of foreigners in Korea shows that the Japanese own the SeoulChemulpo Railway and the concession to build, work, and control the Seoul-Fusan Railway, and to exploit 4 gold mines in 4 different provinces and a smokeless coal mine, and have other mining concessions. The whale fisheries on the eastern coast, the establishment of branches of 3 of their national banks, and the control of 16 secular and 2 religious schools are also theirs. The Japanese Government has the management and control of all the posts and telegraphs in the empire. Russia has secured a coal mine and whaling privileges, the same as the Japanese, but with permission to erect boiling stations on shore, besides timber-felling rights along the Yalu and Tumen rivers and on Ulnyung island, in order to obtain lumber for use on the Trans-Asian Railway, with certain rights as to schools. The Americans, besides their gold mines and electric railway in Seoul, have 12 missionary schools in Seoul. The Germans control a gold mine at Tanghyon, employing several hundred men. The English, besides their gold mines and various contract works, have a branch bank, and the customs and finance of the country are under the control of J. McLeavy Brown. Korea has been a member of the International Postal Union since Jan. 1, 1900, and the few foreign officials employed are mostly French.

Finances. The average income of a Korean family is $2.50 a month. The income of the Government for 1900 was 6,162,796 yen, and the expenditure 6,161,871 yen. The revenue is from the customs, land tax, household tax, the sale of ginseng, licenses, and concessions, and, when properly collected and paid into the treasury, is ample for all purposes. Japanese newspapers say that of 24,000,000 yen borrowed from Russia, 5,000,000 have been paid. Korea has adopted the gold standard, but coins as yet only nickel and copper. The Japanese currency is used in customs duties and largely at the seaports, the only Korean coins in circulation being the nickel 5-sen and copper 1-sen pieces, besides cash or perforated coins of iron and brass on strings. This cash weighs 7 pounds to the dollar's worth, and suffers from 5 to 50 per cent. discount against the Japanese gold

yen, which is the real currency of the country in foreign trade. The rate of discount, varying suddenly and with a wide margin, makes business at times largely speculative.

Politics and Events.-The year was measurably free from the usual riots and outbreaks of native peasants against their oppressive yang-ban and magistrates, or against Japanese traders and workmen, though another attempt was made with violence to wreck the electric railway and hinder Japanese railway laborers. The palace intrigues and emeutes have also been fewer than usual. A reversion to barbarism, in the judicial torture and execution of two Koreans, was made the subject of protest from and negotiation with Japan, and the affair was closed after an apology from his Majesty given through the Mikado's envoy in audience. During the Boxer agitation in China. there was danger of irruptions across the border at Wi-ju. A Russian escort of 50 soldiers to the refugee Danish missionaries from China was given free passage, and Korea virtually joined the

allies marching to Pekin, giving aid and comfort in the form of 1,000 bags of cleaned rice, 2,000 bags of flour, and several hundred cases of cigarettes. Nevertheless, the formation of a Korean secret society in alliance with the Chinese antiforeign agitators was accompanied by assaults, with robbery of missionaries, in November. Prince Min-Tong-Whan was appointed minister to Washington, and arrived in time for the New Year's reception at the White House. In October a Korean branch of the Royal Asiatic Society was formed in Seoul. J. H. Gubbins was made president, and the membership consisted mainly of English-speaking residents. The year has been one of great activity and marked success in missionary effort. There are now, besides the native Christians of the Greek and Roman forms of the faith, about 10,000 members of the various reformed churches. Government schools for the study of English, French, Russian, and Japanese are in operation in Seoul, besides the military, medical, and pedagogical institutes.

LIBRARIES, PUBLIC. The early history of what may be called the new library movement in this country was told in the Annual Cyclopædia for 1886, and subsequent progress was outlined in the volume for 1893. This year the record is to be brought down to the end of the century. One of the most evident signs of progress is found in the increase of libraries, an increase furthered by special legislation. The most noteworthy newcomer in the library field is found in New York city, where the Astor Library, Lenox Library, and Tilden Trust combined forces in 1895 to form the New York Public Library, a consolidation that prevents much duplication of work and makes possible various innovations (longer hours, more book accessions, improved methods), increasing the usefulness of the newly created library. A building is in process of construction on the site of the old reservoir at Fifth Avenue and Forty-Second Street. In 1900 some of the circulating libraries in the city began to make arrangements for consolidating with this library.

The Bureau of Education in 1896 again issued statistics of public, society, and school libraries, from which most of the following figures are taken. Reports were received by the bureau in 1896 from 4,026 libraries (of more than 1,000 volumes each) in the United States, containing 33,051,872 volumes and 5,444,788 pamphlets. This meant an increase, since 1891, of 523 libraries and 7,074,229 volumes, or 15 per cent. in libraries and 27 per cent. in number of volumes. This difference between 15 and 27 per cent. was explained by the statement that "unfavorable business conditions since 1891 have operated to prevent the establishment of many libraries, yet the cheapness of books has been favorable to the growth of existing libraries with fixed incomes." The North Atlantic division showed an increase in volumes of more than 28 per cent., the North Central division about 28 per cent., the Western division nearly 40 per cent., the South Atlantic 18 per cent., and the South Central 21 per cent. More than half of the actual increase in the number of volumes was made in the North Atlantic division.

Of these libraries, 2,000 were credited to the North Atlantic division, 322 to the South Atlantic division, 255 to the South Central division, 1,195 to

the North Central division, and 254 to the Western division. In addition, 3,167 libraries were reported as having fewer than 1,000 but not fewer than 300 volumes, and nearly 1,000 had fewer than 300 volumes each. This made a total of 7,193 libraries (of 300 volumes and over) and 34,596,258 volumes, compared with 5,338 libraries and 20,722,393 volumes in 1885, and 3,648 libraries and 12,329,526 volumes in 1875.

Two libraries had 500,000 volumes or more; 4 had 300,000 to 499,999; 28 had 100,000 to 299,999; 69 had 50,000 to 49,999; 155 had 25,000 to 49,999; 411 had 10,000 to 24,999; 630 had 5,000 to 9,999; and 2,727 had 1,000 to 4,999.

The

Of books drawn for home use, 1,852 libraries reported 35,075,055 in 1896, and 594 reported 7,706,830 volumes used in the reading rooms. statistics of Greater New York for 1897-'98 show a total of 3,226,807 volumes circulated in that year.

Under the heading Distribution of Libraries and of Volumes, it is shown that in 1891, with 3,503 libraries containing 25,977,643 volumes, there was one library for every 17,877 people, and 41 volumes for every 100 inhabitants in the country. For 1896 the figures were: 4,026 libraries with 33,051,872 volumes, being 17,376 inhabitants for each library and 47 volumes for every 100 inhabitants. The libraries that occupied their own buildings numbered 765, and 548 paid rent. Of the 2,713 others, many were school libraries, which neither owned buildings nor paid rent. The libraries supported by taxation numbered 1,147; by corporations, 2,346; and by both, 14. The free libraries reported numbered 1,558; 635 were free for reference only, and 772 were free to subscribers. Of the 1,061 not reporting, many were corporation libraries free to members. Six hundred and twenty-seven libraries, containing 9,062,363 volumes, and circulating 27,015,234 volumes for home use during the year, were entirely free to the public. Three hundred and forty-two libraries were strictly circulating, 705 were for reference, and 2,600 were both.

The 4,026 libraries were classified as follows: General, 1,560; school, 940; college, 626; college society, 54; law, 127; theological, 97; medical, 44: Government, 23; State, 26; asylum and reformatory, 87; Young Men's Christian Associa

tion, 84; Masonic, 14; Odd Fellows, 17; social, 57; scientific, 78; historical, 60; garrison, 14; mercantile, 10; and society, 108.

As to finances: 600 libraries reported a total of $1,679,210 received from taxation, and $1,513,352 was appropriated to 773 libraries by States, counties, and cities in the year. Five hundred and ninety-four libraries recived $1,035,052 from endowment funds; 833 received $386,441 from membership fees; 303 received $38,684 from book rents; 625 received $529,350 from donations; 1,017 received $729,547 from sources not stated. The total income reported by 2,437 libraries for the year ending April 1, 1896, was $5,911,636. The permanent endowment funds of 605 libraries aggregated $17,570,673. The value of the buildings owned by 567 libraries was $33,291,259. The value of the books added during the year by 2,333 libraries was $1,574,410.

State Aid and Special Legislation.-A're view of the whole subject, with a bibliography, is given in the Report of the Commissioner of Education for 1895, accompanied by the full text of all the laws. This work has been furthered great ly by the creation of library commissions in various States.

The first State library commission was organized in 1890 by Massachusetts, followed by New Hampshire in 1891, Connecticut in 1893, Vermont and Wisconsin in 1895, Ohio in 1896, New York and Georgia in 1897, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Minnesota, Indiana, Kansas, Colorado, and Maine in 1899, and New Jersey and Iowa in 1900.

Buildings. Among the larger library buildings erected within the last decade are the Library of Congress, which cost $6,300,000; Boston Public Library, $2,300,000; Chicago Public Library, $2,000,000; Columbia University, $1,200,000; Carnegie Library, Pittsburg, about $800,000 (the building comprises library, music hall, art gallery, and museum); Princeton University, $650,000; Milwaukee Public Library, about $600,000; Wisconsin Historical Society, about $600,000; Newberry Library, Chicago, $500,000; Providence Public Library, $300,000; and Library of Carleton College, Northfield, Minn., $250,000. Many libraries costing from $50,000 to $200,000 have been built, among them the Kansas City Public Library, $200,000 (site $30,000 additional); Pratt

Institute Library, Brooklyn, $190,000; Library of the University of Illinois, about $165,000; Forbes Library, Northampton, Mass., $134,529; Carnegie Library, Atlanta, Ga., $115,000; Orrington Lunt Library, Northwestern University, $100,000; Peoria, Ill., Public Library, about $70,000 (site $16,000 additional); and Hoboken, N. J., Public Library, $62,000.

Many of these buildings are due to private beneficence. It is said that, as far as the incomplete statistics show, more than $24,000,000 have been bestowed by individuals for buildings, books, and maintenance, in the past ten years of the nineteenth century; and there was also a generous expenditure of public money in the same period. The yearly proceedings of the American Library Association include a full report on gifts and bequests.

Management.-Open Shelves.-A matter that has been much discussed is that of "free access "that is, the free admission of the public to the shelves, as in the New York Free Circulating Library. Yet this question still awaits solution, for the arguments appear to be about equal, pro and con. Most librarians evidently agree in believing that a certain number of books, at least, should be freely accessible to the public. Many libraries have open reference shelves "-in the new building of the New York Public Library, for instance, arrangements have been made for 40,000 volumes thus placed. In such large reference libraries, of 500,000 and more volumes, it is impracticable to allow unlimited access.

66

Cataloguing. Co-operative cataloguing was referred to hopefully in 1893, but the expectations of its warmest adherents have hardly been realized, although the publishing section of the American Library Association continues to issue printed catalogue cards for new books. However, the Annual Literary Index (continuing both Poole's Index to Periodical Literature and the A. L. A. Index to General Literature, 1893) is issued regularly, and in Cleveland the Cumulative Index to periodicals began to appear in 1896. Some scientific periodicals are indexed by the co-operative effort of five libraries the New York Public, Harvard University, Columbia University, Boston Public, and John Crerar (of Chicago), the index entries being printed on cards of standard size.

Much of the work published, like the last named, under the auspices of the American Library Association, is the product of co-operative effort.

Among the special indexes due to the effort of individual libraries must be mentioned that of technical periodicals in the Patent Office Library in Washington, and the one for trade journals in the Commercial Museums in Philadelphia; both are in manuscript, on cards.

Librarians are, naturally, greatly interested in the international conferences on a co-operative catalogue of scientific literature, held in response to a call from the Royal Society of London, the first in 1896, the second in 1898, the third in 1900. This catalogue, which begins with 1901, is to comprise all published original contributions to mathematical, physical, or natural sciences, to the exclusion of what are sometimes called the applied sciences, whether appearing in periodicals or in the publications of societies, or as independent pamphlets, memoirs, or books. It is to be arranged according to subject matter and author's names, with special regard to the requirement of scientific investigation. The management is intrusted to a central bureau established in London and regional bureaus in various countries, to which latter falls the work of dealing each with the literature of its country. Future international conventions (1905, 1910, and every tenth year thereafter) will make any necessary revision of the regulations.

Interlibrary Loans.-These are becoming more frequent, especially between reference libraries as

JOHN SHAW BILLINGS, NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY.

a means of partial ly overcoming the distances between centers of research; they are naturally of great value to the investigator.

This system of sending books on request from one library to another is in vogue at the library of the surgeon general's of fice (on a noteworthy scale, in troduced there by Dr. John S. Billings), the Worcester (Mass.) Library, the medical libraries of Boston,

etc., the Academy of Medicine (New York city), the Congressional Library, etc.

Circulating Libraries. The preponderance of the free circulating library in this country has naturally caused much energy to be applied to the improving and simplifying of methods, especially in all that pertains to the keeping of records, as in the charging systems. What is known as the "two-book system "has been introduced in many libraries. This permits the reader to draw two books at a time for home use, but only one of the books may be a work of fiction.

Traveling libraries bring books where the circulating library does not. This system was characterized by R. G. Thwaites, president of the American Library Association in 1900, as "in some respects, perhaps, the most hopeful of all forms of recent library popularization." It provides for small libraries of 25, 50, or 100 volumes, sent from central libraries to "individuals, clubs, and associate libraries in communities roundabout," for

certain periods (usually six months), upon request and under certain conditions. The traveling library was first introduced in 1892 in New York State, but before that time the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company was circulating books to its employees along its line. Since then various systems of traveling libraries have been established, as follows: 1895, Iowa and Michigan; 1896, Colorado, Illinois, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Nebraska, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Wisconsin; 1897, Louisiana,

HERBERT PUTNAM, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS.

New Jersey, and Tennessee; 1898, Alabama, California, Connecticut, Georgia, Kansas, Maryland, Minnesota, Missouri, Utah, and Washington; 1899, Idaho, Indiana, Maine, Montana, Texas, Vermont, and British Columbia; 1900, Arizona.

In 1893 the first traveling library went out in New York with 100 volumes. In 1898 it was reported that there were more than 1,650 in the country, of which 687 were in New York, with more than 73,000 volumes. Some specialties had already developed, as at the New Jersey Traveling Library at Princeton, which circulated books on forestry only.

The introduction of small collections of selected books directly into the homes of tenement-house residents has also been tried with encouraging results.

Libraries and Schools.-Another recent development in the manifold activity of the American public library is its co-operation with the schools, which, beginning at Worcester, Mass., about twenty-five years ago, has only within the past few years become generally recognized as a department of library work. Boxes of books for instruction and entertainment, selected by the teachers, are sent to the schoolssometimes classified by grades; and traveling school libraries, to assist in certain courses of study, are not uncommon. Other

methods of reaching the school children-posting bulletins and lists in schools, the organization of "library leagues among pupils, etc.-serve to accentuate the community of interests between school and library. The latest manifestation of this spirit was seen in the year 1900 in New York city, where the Board of Education made arrangements for establishing small libraries in some of the

JAMES L. WHITNEY, BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY.