Christian VII, king of Denmark,

iii. 104, 105.
Christianity, its propagation, i. 145;
spirit, 146; the Catholic doctrine
in the first ages, 148; com-
mencement of the hierarchy, 150;
the monasteries, 153; the Ca-
tholic form of worship, 154; the
hierarchy in the middle ages, ii.
24; ceremonials, Roman Litur-
gy, and church festivals, 29;
ecclesiastical division of Germa-
ny, 30; disputes of the Francis-
can and Dominican orders, 32;
German Mysticism and Italian
Scholasticism, ib.; Gothic ar-
chitecture, 35; council of Con-
stance, 157; doctrines of Huss,
160; Hussite wars in Bohemia,
165; council of Basle, 176; cor-
ruption of the church, 218; the
Reformation, 225; Erasmus and
Reuchlin, 223; Melancthon, 224;
Luther, 225; the Augsburg Con-
fession, 251; the Jesuits, 272,
399; the Lutheran and Reform-
ed churches, 406, iii. 425; the
Rationalists and Supernatural-
ists, 425; Illuminatism, 427.
Christiern II. of Sweden, ii. 257,
258.

Christina, queen of Sweden, ii. 466.
Chronicles and histories of the
middle ages, ii. 58, 72.
Cimbri, the, chivalric usages of, i.
20; irruption into Gaul and Italy,
68; defeated by Marius, 73.
Clement XII., pope, ii. 234, 235.
Coinage of Germany in the middle
ages, ii. 68.

Cologne cathedral, ii. 37.

Cologne, civil disturbances at, ii.
21.

Condé, the great, ii. 389; his wars

against France, 465.
Confession of Augsburg, ii. 252.
Conrad, (Hohenstaufen,) duke of
Franconia, i. 433; his bold re-
sistance to Lothar III., 438; elect-
ed emperor at Coblentz, 445;

heads a crusade, 452; its failure,
455; his return and death, 456.
Conrad I., emperor of Germany, i.
308.

Conrad the Red, i. 327, 331–334.
Conrad II., his election, i. 364;

crowned at Rome, 366; revolt
and outlawry of Duke Ernst, 367,
368; seizes on Burgundy, 371;
quells the revolt in Italy, 372.
Conrad, son of Henry IV., i. 409;
appointed to the government of
Italy, ib.; his marriage, ib.; re-
volt, ib.; remorse and death, 410.
Conrad of Montserrat, i. 488, 490,
491.

Conrad, chancellor of Henry VI., i.
497.

Conrad, son of Frederick II. i.
529, 542; regent of Germany,
549; wars with Henry Raspe
and William the Rude, 549-
553;
takes refuge in Italy and
dies, ii. 2.

Conrad von Hochstetten, archbi-
shop of Cologne, ii. 21.
Conrad von Marburgh, a Domi-
nican monk, attempts to intro-
duce the Inquisition in Germany,
i. 525.

Conradin, the last of the Hohen-
staufen, ii. 8; is brought up at
the court of Bavaria, 9; crosses
the Alps to head the Ghibellines,
10; treachery and meanness of
his relatives, ib.; welcomed in
Northern Italy, 11; rout of his
forces by Charles of Anjou, ib.;
his betrayal and execution, ib.
Constance, council of, ii. 157; its
rival factions, 158; condemna-
tion of Huss, 162; abortive con-
clusion, 164.

Constantia, empress of Henry VI.,
i. 495, 496, 498.

Constantia, empress of Frederick
II., i. 510.
Constantine, emperor, defeats the
Alemanni, i.
109; and the
Franks, 114.

Copenhagen, bombardment of, iii.

254.

Coranda, a leader of the Hussites,
ii. 167.

Coribut, Prince, a leader of the
imperial Hussites, ii. 173-175.
Cornelius, school of Painting of,
iii. 440.

Coronation of the German em-

perors, ceremony of, ii. 412.
Crecy, battle of, ii. 127.
Crescentius, i. 343, 349, 350.
Crusades, the, i. 410; their rise and
origin, 410-412; early expedi-
tions, 412, 413; their disastrous
fate, 413, 414; expedition under
Godfrey of Bouillon, 414; battle
of Antioch, 417; storm of Jeru-
salem, 419; principalities found-
ed in Palestine, 420, 421; later
crusades, 422-426; their influ-
ence on Europe, 426; crusade un-
der Conrad III., 450; under Fre-
derick Barbarossa, 482; Richard
Cœur de Lion and Leopold of
Austria, 490; under Baldwin of
Flanders, 503; under Leopold
the Glorious, 514; the last cru-
sade, ii. 13.

Cunigunda, queen of Henry II., i.
354-356.

Custine, general of the French re-
public, iii. 163–165, 167.
Cymburga, wife of Ernst the Iron,
ii. 150.

DAGOBERT, king of Austrasia, i.
214.

Dandolo, doge of Venice, i. 504.
Danes, the, their origin and early
history, i. 263; establishment of
Christianity in Denmark, 345.
Dante, ii. 110, 111.
Dantzig,spoliation of, by the French,
iii. 343.

D'Assisi, Francisco, i. 508, 509.
Daun, general of Maria Theresa,
iii. 61-63.

Davoust, Marshal, iii. 321, 328, 332.
Derflinger, Marshal, ii. 484, 485.
De Ruyter, naval victories of,

|

against the English, ii. 474-476,
482.
Desiderata, wife of Charlemagne, i.
225, 229.

Desiderius, king of Lombardy, i.
225-232.

De Witt, John, stadtholder of Hol-
land, ii. 474-477, 480, 481.
Dezebal, his wars with the Romans,
i. 98.

Diephold, Count d'Acerra, i. 498,
503.

Diet of the German empire, its con-
stitution, etc., ii. 410.

Dietrich von Bern, see Theodorich
the Great.

Dietrich, Markgraf of Brandenburg,
i. 344, 345.

Dietrich, Count of Alsace, i. 441;
obtains the dukedom of Flanders,
ib.; popularity of his rule, ib.;
death, 480.

Dietrich the Oppressed, i. 494.
Don Juan, son of Charles V., ii.
298, 299.

Drusus, his campaigns in Germany,
i. 81.

Dschingischan, leader of the Tar-
tars, i. 540.

Dumouriez, iii. 161; intrigues with
the king of Prussia, ib.

EBERHARD, Count of Würtemberg,
ii. 53, 77, 92, 109, 110, 118, 119.
Edessa, taken by Zengis, i. 451.
Edgar Atheling, i. 390, 391, 418.
| Eginhart, secretary of Charlemagne,
i. 254; legend of his marriage to
the daughter of Charlemagne, 258.
Egmont, Count, ii. 288, 290, 292.
Einheriar, the, of the Walhalla, i.
22, 56.

Eitel Hans Müller, leader in the
peasant war, ii. 237, 240.
Ekbert, Graf of Brunswick, i. 384.
Ekbert, Margrave of Misnia, i.
384, 407, 408.

Eleonora, empress of Frederick III.,
ii. 189, 191.

Eleonore, queen of Gustavus Adol-
phus, ii. 350, 353, 354, 358.

Eleonore, queen of Louis VII. of
France, i. 454; accompanies him
to the crusades, ib.; her infi-
delities, 455.

Elisabeth, St., of Hungary, i. 525,
526, 531.

Elisabeth, empress of Russia, iii.
55; joins the league against Fre-
derick II., 57, 66.
Elisabeth Stuart, queen of Bohe-
mia, ii. 360.

Emma, daughter of Charlemagne,
legend of her marriage, i. 258.
Engelbert, archbishop of Cologne,
i. 517; founder of the secret tri-
bunal or Feme, 521; his death,
522.

Engelbert von Falkenberg, arch-
bishop of Cologne, ii. 21, 22.
England, her naval war with Hol-
land, ii. 475; with Napoleon, iii.
254-368.

Enzio, son of Frederick II., i. 542;
receives the throne of Sardinia,
544; his wars with the Guelphs
in Italy, 546, 554; imprisonment
and untimely fate, 555, ii. 12, 13.
Erasmus, ii. 223, 224.

Ernest Augustus, first Elector of
Hanover, iii. 26.

Ernest, Duke of Cumberland, iii.
414; succeeds William IV. as
king of Hanover, ib.; constitu-
tional struggles of his subjects,
414-416.

Ernst, Duke, revolts from Conrad
II., 367; outlawed, 368; his
death, ib.

Ernst the Iron, of Styria, ii. 150.
Etzel, king of the Huns and Ostro-
goths, i. 137; ravages Greece
and Germany, 138; is defeated
at Chalons, 139; his invasion of
Italy, and death, 140.

Eudoxia, widow of Valentinian, i.
142.

Eudoxia, wife of Hunerich, i. 143.
Eugene, prince of Savoy, ii. 497,

507; his campaign against the
French in Italy, 519; on the
Rhine, 523; second campaign in

Italy, 526; battles of Oudenarde
and Malplaquet, 529; intercedes
with Queen Anne in behalf of
Marlborough, iii. 4, 5; attends
the congress of Rastadt, 6; de-
feats the Turks, 8; condition of
the imperial army at his death,

12.

Eugene Beauharnais, created vice-
roy of Italy, iii. 234, 345; duke
of Leuchtenberg, 367.
Eugene III., pope, his scheme for
a crusade, i. 451.
Eugenius IV., pope, ii. 176–184.
Ezzelino di Romano, i. 543, 554,
555; ii. 1-3.

FARAMUND, elected king of the Sa-
lii, i. 136.
Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria, ii.
244, 245; succeeds to the throne
of Germany, 271; his vacillating
policy, 274-276.

Ferdinand of the Tyrol, ii. 279.
Ferdinand III., ii. 375–384.
Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria, ii.
316; his treatment of the Pro-
testants, 317; elected emperor,
320; commencement of the thirty
years' war, ib.; his perfidy in
Bohemia, 325; revolt of the Up-
per Austrians, 328; dismissal of
Wallenstein, 344; his reinstate-
ment, 356; assassination of Wal-
lenstein, 365; results of his reign,
375, 376.

Ferdinand, duke of Brunswick,
commands under Frederick II.
in the seven years' war, iii. 64,
65; character of his government,
118; opposed to war with the
French republic, 158; defeats
the French at Kaiserslautern,
179; defeated by Napoleon at
Jena, 242; flight and death, 245.
Ferdinand VII., king of Spain, iii.
255, 384, 390.

Ferdinand I., emperor of Austria,
iii. 420.

Ferdinand, Duke of Orleans, son of
Louis Philippe, iii. 420, 421.

Ferrand, Count of Portugal, i. 512,
551.

Feudal system, the, i. 163, 249.
Fichte, philosophy of, iii. 432.
Flagellants, origin of the, ii. 3; de-
nounced by Clement VI., 129.
Flanders, encroachments on, by
Philip of France, ii. 94; battle
of Spurs, 97.
Fouqué, romances of, iii. 437.
Francis I. of France, ii. 217; his
invasion of Italy, ib.; gains the
battle of Marignano, ib.; aspires
to the crown of Germany, 229;
defeated and taken prisoner at
Pavia, 246.

Francis of Lorraine, consort of Ma-
ria Theresa, iii. 9, 44, 53, 84.
Francis II., emperor of Austria,
iii. 180, 232; abdicates the Ro-
man-Germanic empire, 235; re-
newal of the war with Napoleon
in 1809, 268, 269; battle of
Esslingen, 271; Wagram, 272;
treaty of Vienna, ib.; marriage
of his daughter Maria Louisa to
Napoleon, 297.

Franconian, Salic emperors of Ger-
many, i. 364-445.

Franks, the, origin of, i. 112; na-
tional character, 116.

Franz von Sickingen, ii. 234, 235.
Fredegunda, mistress of Chilperich,
i. 196-198.

Frederick the One-eyed, of Ho-
henstaufen, i. 433; his courageous
resistance to Leopold III., 438.
Frederick Barbarossa, i. 446, 452;
elected emperor, 457; his per-
sonal appearance and character,
ib.; his policy, 458; successful
campaign in Italy, 459; permits
the execution of Arnold of Bres-
cia, ib.; insurrection at Rome,
460; return to Germany, and
marriage, 461; pacification of
the empire, 462, 463; second
visit to Italy, 463; decrees for
its government, 464, 465; revolt
of the Italian cities, 465, 466;
sieges of Crema and Milan, 466;

renewal of feuds in Germany,
467; maladministration and re-
volt of Italy, 468, 469; defection
of Henry the Lion, 474; defeat
at Legnano, ib.; his interview
with Alexander III., 475; war
with Henry the Lion, 476, 477;
heads the crusade, 484; his vic-
tories over the Turks, 486; death,
ib.; legendary fame, 487.
Frederick of Hohenstaufen, ad-
vancement of, i. 405.

Frederick, duke of Swabia, i. 479,
486, 487.

Frederick II., birth of, i. 497;
minority, 498; marriage, 510;
crosses the Alps and takes pos-
session of the German empire,
512; performs the crusade, 518;
enters Jerusalem, ib.; intrigues
of the pope during his absence,
519; gaiety of Frederick's court
in Italy, 520; his political aims,
ib.; internal condition of Ger-
many, 521; attempts to intro-
duce the Inquisition, 526; usurp-
ation of his son Henry, 529;
marriage with Isabella of Eng-
land, 530; decrees for the go-
vernment of Germany, ib.; its
internal condition, 532; invasion
of the Tartars, 540; wars in
Italy with the popes, 543-548;
and in Germany, 549-553; his
misfortunes and death, 555.
Frederick the Warlike, of Austria,
i. 531; his character, 532; en-
mity to Frederick II., 543, 545;
killed at Neustadt, 550.
Frederick "of Austria," the com-

panion of Conradin, ii. 8-12.
Frederick with the Bitten Cheek,
ii. 82, 86, 87; regains his in-
heritance, 92, 93, 114, 115.
Frederick the Handsome of Habs-
burg, ii. 108, 109; contests the
empire with Louis of Bavaria,
116-122.

Frederick of Wolfenbüttel, ii. 148.
Frederick III., ii. 183; marries Ele-
onora of Portugal, 189; makes a

Frederick I., king of Prussia, ii.
506, 529.

Frederick William I., king of Prus-

sia, iii. 9; receives the Salzburg
emigrants, 36, 37; his govern-
ment, 43; ill-treatment of his son,
46, 47.

Frederick II., king of Prussia, iii.
49; invades and conquers Silesia,
ib.; excellence of his adminis-
tration, 54; makes preparation
for the seven years' war, 58; in-
vades Saxony, 59; defeated at
Collin, 61; victorious campaign
in Silesia, 63; battle of Zorn-
dorf, 64; campaign of 1759, 65;
bloody defeat at Cunnersdorf, 66;
campaign of 1760, 68; battle of
Torgau, 69; honourable close of
the war, 72; internal government
of his dominions, ib.; personal
appearance, 75; his influence on
the spirit of the times, ib.; writ-
ings, 78; death, 96.
Frederick William II., king of
Prussia, iii. 96; imbecility of his
government, 97; leagues with
Austria against the French re-
public, 158; his treachery to Po-

land, 174, 175; his selfish and
short-sighted policy, 183; treaty
with France, 186, 187.
Frederick, Landgrave of Hesse Cas-
sel, iii. 116.

Frederick, Margrave of Bayreuth,
iii. 117.

Frederick William III., king of
Prussia, iii. 200; attempts neu-
trality in the war of Napoleon
with Austria, 216, 232; driven
to take arms, 238; condition of
the Prussian army, 239; battle
of Jena, 242; Eylau, 251; peace
of Tilsit, 251, 252; reorganizes
the government, 264, 265; de-
graded position of Prussia, 310;
war of liberation, 319; armistice
of Pleisswitz, 326; battle of Leip-
zig, 331; advance of the allied
armies into France, 344; capitu-
lation of Paris, 350; congress of
Vienna, 353; return of Napo-
leon, 356; his defeat and exile,
358-368; Holy Alliance, 368;
the German confederation, ib.;
the new constitution, 375; Ger-
man Customs' Union, 388; pro-
gress of Prussia, 422.
Frederick, king of Wurtemberg, iii.
378.

Frederick William IV., king of
Prussia, iii. 429.

Free-masonry, in the middle ages,
ii. 63; its spread in the eigh-
teenth century, 100.
Fridigern, a chief of the Visigoths,
i. 124, 127.

Friesland, freedom of its peasantry,
ii. 68.

Frigga, the wife of Odin, i. 56.
Fritz the Bad, ii. 193; defeats the
emperor's confederates, 194; his
marriage, ib.

GESATE, their march upon Rome,
i. 65.

Gallas, General, ii. 365, 366, 381,
382, 387.

Gallienus, emperor, marriage of, i.
108.