Those who wish for the cure of any obstinate malady from the mineral waters, ought to take them in fuch a manner as hardly to produce any effect whatever on the bowels. With this view a half-pint glafs may be drank at bed time, and the fame quantity an hour before breakfast, dinner, and fupper. The fame cofe, however, muft vary according to circumstances. Even the quantity mention ed above will purge fome perfons, while others will drink twice as much without being in the leaft moved by it. Its operation on the bowels is the only ftandard for ufing the water as an alterative. No more ought to be taken than barely to move the body; nor is it always neceflary to carry it this length, provided the water goes off by the other emunctories, and does not occafion a chilnefs, or flatulency in the ftomach or bowels. When the water is intended to purge, the quantity mentioned above may be all taken before breakfast. I would not only caution patients who drink the purging mineral waters over-night, to avoid heavy fuppers, but alio from eating meals at any time The ftimulus of water impregnated with falts, feems to create a falfe appetite. 1 have feen a delicate perfon, after drinking the Harrowgate waters of a morning, eat a breakfatt fufficient to have ferved two ploughmen, devour a plentiful dinner of fleth and fifli, and to crown all, eat fuch a fupper as might have fatisfied a hungry porter. All this indeed the stomach feemed to crave; but this craving had better remain not quite satisfied, than that the ftomach hould be loaded with what exceeds its pow every care behind, to mix with the company, and to make themselves as chearful and happy as potible. From this conduct, affifted by the free and wholefome air of thofe falhionable places of refort, and also the regular and early hours which are ufually kept, the patient often receives more benefit than from ufing the waters. But the greatest errors in drinking the purging mineral waters arife from their being ufed in cafes where they are abiolutely improper, and adverfe to the nature of the difeafe. When people hear of a wonderful cure having been performed by fome mineral water, they immediately conclude that it will cure every thing, and accordingly fwallow it down, when they might as well take poifon. Patients ought to be well informed, beture they begin to drink the more active kinds of mineral waters, of the propriety of the courie, and fhould never perfift in using them when they are found to aggravate the ditor ler. In all cafes where purging is indicated, the fatine mineral waters will be found to fulfi this intention better than any other medicine. Theirperation, if taken in proper quantity, is generally mild; and they are neither found to irritate the nerves, nor debilitare the patient, fo much as the other purga tives. As a purgative, thefe waters are chiefly recommended in difeafes of the first passages, accompanied with, or proceeding from, inactivity of the ftomach and bowels, acidity, in igeftion, vitiated bile, worms, putrid forces, the ples, and jaundice. In moft cates of this kind, they are the best medicines that can be adminiftered. But when used with this view, it is fufficient to take them twice, or at moft three times a week, fo as to move the body three or four times; and it will be proper to continue this courfe før a few weeks. Bu the operation of the more active mineral waters is not confined to the ɓift paffages. They often promote the discharge of urine, and not unfrequently increate the per. fpiration. This fhews that they are capable of penetrating into every part of the body, and of itimulating the whole fyftem Hence arifes their efficacy in removing the most obftinate of all diforders, obftructions of the glandular and lymphatic fyllem. Under thes claís is comprehended the fcrofula ov King's When I fpeak of drinking a glafs of the water ever-night, I must beg leave to caution thofe who follow this plan against eating heavy fuppers. The late Dr. Dealtry of York, who was the first that brought the Harrowgate-waters into repute, used to advife his patient to drink a glafs before they went to bed; the confequence of which was, that having eat a fi-sh fupper, and the water operating in the might, they were often tormented with gripes, and obliged to call for medical ailiitance. evil, indolent tumours, obftructions of the liver, fpleen, kidnies, and mefenteric glands. When these great purposes are to be effected, the waters must be used in the gradual manner mentioned above, and perfifted in for a length of time. It will be proper, however, now and then to difcontinue their ufe for a few days. The next great clafs of difeafes where mineral waters are found to be beneficial, are thofe of the skin, as the itch, fcab, tetters, ringworms, fcaly eruptions, leprofies, blotches, foul ulcers, &c. Though thefe may feem fuperficial, yet they are often the most obftinate which the phyfician has to encounter, and not unfrequently fet his skill at defiance: but they will fometimes yield to the application of mineral waters for a fufficient length of time, and in most cafes at lealt thefe waters deserve a trial. The faline fulphureous waters, fuch as thofe of Moffat in Scotland, and Harrowgate in England, are the most likely to fucceed in difeafes of the skin; but for this purpose it will be necessary not only to drink the waters, but likewife to use them externally. To enumerate more particularly the qualities of the different mineral waters, to fpecify those diseases in which they are refpectively indicated, and to point out their proper modes of application, would be an useful, and by no means a difagreeable employment; but as the limits prescribed to these remarks, will not allow me to treat the subject more at length, I shall conclude by observing, that whenever the mineral waters are found to exhaust the strength, deprefs the fpirits, take away the appetite, excite fevers, diftend the bowels, occafion or increase a cough, or where there is reafon to fufpect an ulcer of the lungs, they ought to be difcontinued. For the EUROPEAN MAGAZINE. The following Remarks on Dr. Goldfmith's Effay " on the different Schools of Mufic," (fee p. 96.) were addressed to the Editor of the periodical Publication in which that Essay first appeared, in the year 1760; a time when the Doctor had not obtained that celebrity of reputation as a writer to which he afterwards arrived, but lived in an obfcure lodging in Green Arbour Court, near the Old Bailey. Yet in fo much respect were his talents then held by Dr. SMOLLET, the Editor above alluded to, that he permitted Goldsmith himfelf to answer the Letter-Writer's ftrictures in the notes fubjoined to them below. SIR, AS To the EDITOR. S you are fuppofed accountable for every article that appears in your collection, permit me to object against some things advanced in your last Magazine, under the title of "The different Schools of Mufic." The author of this article feems too hafty in degrading the *harmonious Purcel from the head of the English school, to erect in his room a foreigner (Handel), who has not yet formed any school +. The gentleman, when he comes to communicate his thoughts upon the different fchools of painting, may as well place *Had the Objector said melodious Purcel, it had teftified at least a greater acquaintance with mufic, and Purcel's peculiar excellence. Purcel in melody is frequently great: his fong made in his last fickness, called Rofy Bowers, is a fine inftance of this; but in harmony he is far fhort of the meanest of our modern compofers, his fulleft harmonies being exceeding fimple. His opera of Prince Arthur, the words of which were Dryden's, is reckoned his finest piece. But what is that, in point of harmony, to what we every day hear from modern masters? In short, with refpect to genius, Purcel had a fine one: he greatly improved an art but little known in England before his time; for this he deferves our applaufe: but the prefent prevailing tafte in mufic is very different from what he left it, and who was the improver fince his time we shall fee by and by. Handel may be faid, as justly as any man, not Pergolefe excepted, to have founded a new school of mufic. When he first came into England, his mufic was entirely Italian: he composed for the opera; and though, even then, his pieces were liked, yet they did not meet with univerfal approbation. In thofe he too fervilely imitated the modern vitiated Italian tafte, by placing what foreigners call the Point d'Orgue too closely and injudiciously. But in his Oratorios he is perfectly an original genius. In thefe, by fteering between the manners of Italy and England, he has ftruck out new harmonies, and formed a fpecies of mufic different from all others. He has left fome excellent and eminent scholars, particularly Worgan and Smith, who compofe nearly in his manner; a manner as different from Purcel's as from that of modern Italy. Confequently Handel may be placed at the head of the English fchool. EUROP. MAG. X Ru ens Rubens at the head of the English painters, because he left fome monuments of his art in England. He fays that Handel, though originally a German, (as moft certainly he was, and continued fo to his laft breath) yet adopted the English manner §. Yes, to be fure, juft as much as Rubens the painter did. Your correfpondent, in the course of his difcoveries, tells us, befides, that "fome of the best Scotch ballads (the Broom of Cow. denknows, for inftance) are still afcribed to David Rizzio ." This Rizzio mult have been a most original genius, or have poffeffed extraordinary imitative powers, to have come, fo advanced in life as he did, from Italy, and ftrike fo far out of the common road of his own country's mufic. A¶mere fiddler, a fhallow coxcomb, a giddy, infolent, worthlefs fellow, to compofe fuch pieces as nothing but genuine fenfibility of mind, and an exquifite feeling of thofe paffions which animate only the finest fouls, could dictate; and in a manner too, fo extravagantly diftant from that to which he had all his life been accustomed!-Ic is impoffible.He might, indeed, have had prefumption enough to add fome flourishes to a few favourite airs, like a The Objector will not have Handel's school to be called an English school, because he was a German. Handel, in a great measure, found in England thofe effential differences which characterize his mufic: we have already fhewn that he had them not upon his arri. val. Had Rubens come over to England but moderately skilled in his art; had he learned here all his excellency in colouring, and correctness of defigning; had he left several scholars, excellent in his manner, behind him, I fhould not fcruple to call the fchool erected by him, the English fchool of painting. Not the country in which a man is born, but his peculiar file, either in painting or in mufic, conftitutes him of this or that fchool. Thus Champagne, who painted in the manner of the French school, is always placed among the painters of that school, though he was born in Flanders, and fhould confequently, by the Objector's rule, be placed among the Flemish painters. Kneller is placed in the German fchool, and Oftade in the Dutch, though both born in the fame city. Primatice, who may be truly faid to have founded the Roman fchool, was born in Bologna; though, if his country was to determine his fchool, he fhould have been placed in the Lombard. There might several other inftances be produced; but thefe, it is hoped, will be fufficient to prove, that Handel, though a German, may be placed at the head of the English school. § Handel was originally a German; but, by a long continuance in England, he might have been looked upon as naturalized to the country. I don't pretend to be a fine writer; however, if the gentleman diflikes the expreffion, (although he must be convinced it is a common one) I with it were mended. 1 faid that they were afcribed to David Rizzio. That they are, the Objector need only look into Mr. Ofwald's Collection of Scotch Tunes; and he will there find not only the Broom of Cowdenknows, but also the Black Eagle, and feveral other of the best Scotch tunes afcribed to him. Though this might be a fufficient anfwer, yet I must be permitted to go farther, to tell the Objector the opinion of our best modern musicians in this particular: it is the opinion of the melodious Geminiani, that we have in the dominions of Great Britain, no original mufic, except the Irish; the Scotch and English being originally borrowed from the Italians. And that his opinion in this respect is juft, (for I would not be swayed merely by authorities) it is very reasonable to fuppofe, first, from the conformity between the Scotch and ancient Italian mufic. They who compare the old French Vaudevilles, brought from Italy by Rinuccini, with those pieces afcribed to David Rizzio, who was pretty nearly cotemporary with him, will find a strong resemblance, notwithstanding the oppofite characters of the two nations which have preferved thofe pieces. When I would have them compared, I mean, I would have their baffes compared, by which their fimilitude may be moft exactly feen. S.condly, it is reasonable, from the ancient music of the Scotch, which is ftill preferved in the Highlands, and which bears no resemblance at all to the mufic of the Low-country. The Highland tunes are fung to Irijh words, and flow entirely in the Irifh manner. On the other hand, the Lowland mufic is always fung to English words. ¶ David Rizzio was neither a mere fiddler, nor a fhallow coxcomb, nor a worthless fellow, nor a ftranger in Scotland. He had, indeed, been brought over from Piedmont, to be put at the head of a band of mufic, by King James V. one of the most elegant princes of his time, an exquifite judge of mufic, as well as of poetry, architecture, and all the fine arts. Rizzio, at the time of his death, had been above twenty years in Scotland: he was fecretary to the Queen, and at the fame time an agent from the Pope; fo that he could not be fo obfcure as he has been represented. cob cobbler of old plays, when he takes it upon the fubject with the least degree of atten him to mend Shakespeare. So far he tion. might go; but farther it is impoffible for any one to believe, that has but just ear enough to diftinguish between the Italian and Scotch mufick, and is difpofed to confider IN I am, Gentlemen, S. R. For the EUROPEAN MAGAZINE. our laft Magazine (fee page rro) we prefented our readers with an account of the circumstances that attended the death of Rouffeau at the Marquis of Girardin's beautiful feat of Ermenonville, in the gardens of which the body of that eccentric genius is entombed. As no improper Supplement to that article, we shall now lay before them a particular defcription of the Tomb, its fituation, &c, as given in "A Tour to Ermenonville," lately published; and from which it appears that Ermenonville is a pleafing romantic fpot, cultivated and decorated in a style that does honour to the taste and philofophic turn of its noble poffeffor: it has been called the "Stowe," but is more properly, in the opinion of our prefent traveller, to be deemed the Leafwes of France. 'On entering the park we traversed a hollow way, which had fomething gloomy and grotefque in its appearance. On our left hand was a lake with a terrace intervening, which for fome time hid it from our fight: On our right a steep hill irregularly wooded, while the valley was divided in its whole length by a small rivulet, over which, on a flag, we read the following infcription * : "Flow, gentle ftream, beneath this embowering fhade; thy murmur foftens the heart while it delights the ear: flow, gentle ftream; thy current is the image of a day deformed by no cloud, and a heart disturbed by no care." 'A little further on, was a rock with thefe words from Thomson, "Here ftudious let me fit, And hold high converfe with the mighty dead." We next came to a fmall altar of stone called l'autel de la penfée, the altar of thought, with this infcription: "Sacred to meditation." Our progress through this gloomy, but not unpleafing valley, had filled our minds with ideas not ill preparatory to the contemplation of the principal object of our curiofi ty, as well as that of most other vifitants whom this place receives, the Tomb of Rouffeau. It stands at about fifteen or twenty yards diftance from the nearest land, in an ifland of the lake, of an oblong form, about forty yards in length, and ten or fifteen in breadth, covered with the richest verdure, and bordered with beautiful poplars, from which it takes its name, being called l'isle des peupliers. The Tomb is in the middle, a fimple yet elegant marble monument. The infcription on one fide of it is, "Here refts The man of nature and of truth." Beneath which is the motto Rouffeau had chofen for himself, and which he made the great rule equally of his writings and his actions : "Be truth the purchase, tho' the price be life." On the lid the following words only, as ample in their fignificancy as few in their number, are engrav'd: "Here lie the remains of J. J. Rousseau." On the other fide of the Tomb is reprefented in baffo relievo, a mother instructing her daughters, and teaching them to tear in pieces the ribbands, laces, filks and other trifling ornaments, which the prevailing mode of education has too long taught the fair fex to confider as the firft objects of their attention and care †. On the verge of the lake is a feat to repose on: here, as we fat down, we read the following lines, fuggefted no doubt by the fculpture just mentioned, and intended as a companion to it: "To the daughter he reftored the affection of the mother, to the mother the careffes of the daughter. His whole life had but one object; that object was the happiness of humanity, and if he wished to fee all mankind free, it was because he knew that virtue and freedom are infeparable companions." • Opposite us on a flag which lay against a bank of earth, was infcribed the following epitaph: *We give only the translations of the infcriptions, to fave room. + We cannot deem this a well-chofen fubject for an expreffive reprefentation on flone. The inftruction conveyed is to be inferred from an action that will grow every year more and more obfcure; being a diffuafion from qualifications that have no permanent objects: for from the fertility and verfatility of female inventions, the abfurdities that ftruck the mind of Rouffeau, and fuggefted this defign, may in a few years become abfolutely unintelligible, unless a key like that before us, is always at hand. X 2 "In yonder unadorned tomb, fhaded by over-hanging poplars, and encircled by these unruffled waters, refts all that was mortal of J. J. Rouffeau. But a more lafting monu. ment, one that fhall prolong to all ages the memory of the man who lived only to fenfibility and virtue, is erected in every bosom that glows with the flame of the one, or beats to the throbbings of the other." Whether the concluding thought of the above lines was borrowed from Pope's wellknown epitaph on Gay, or suggested merely by a fimilarity of character in the perfons to whom thefe different tributes of friendship were paid, it must be acknowledged that the French compofition has no little advantage over the English one, in the circumstance of its being free from the equivoque which fo vilely disfigures the conclufion of the latter: "The worthy and the good shall say, Striking their pensive bofoms, here lies Gay." • I cannot however help thinking that the following epitaph, made alfo for Rouffeau, fhould have been preferred to the former, were it only on account of its greater fimplicity: "Beneath those peaceful poplars refts J. J. Rouffeau. Oh ail ye virtuous and feeling! your friend, your brother repofes within this somb." We quitted this hallowed spot with reluctance, and entered a delightful little valley replete with beauties of the most romantic caft. We made the circuit of a meadow encompaffed with water, and came to a grotto called la grotte verte, the grotto of verdure, with this infcription: "Delightful verdure! that, robing the earth's green lap, refreshes the fatigued fight and tranquillizes the perturbed heart, yours is that vifible harmony, that concord of correfponding hues, which is nature's fairest ornament, and her fupreme delight." Oppofite the grotto, on a tree hung a board with a fong fet to mufic by Rouffeau; the words were paftoral and pathetic, and I was pleafed to fee one of Rouffeau's excelencies, his talent for mufical compofition, attefted by the kind of monument, of all others, the fittest to perpetuate the memory of genius, a fpecimen of its productions. Having nearly made the round of the meadow through this fhady walk, we came to an open space with a bank of green turf; over it hung a board with an inscription from the Georgics: "Fortunatus et ille, deos qui novit agreftes," &c. A little lower down, near the margin of the river, was an elbow chair, made (as our guide informed us) by Rousseau himself. It was formed of rude unfashioned twigs, interwoven and grafted as it were into the tree, which ferved as a back to it. From this place a dark winding-path brought us unexpectedly to a bafon of clear water, near which stood a pyramid facred to the paftoral poets, Theocritus, Virgil, Gef ner, and Thomfon; the latter, it would appear, being ranked in this class, in regard to the fubject, not the form of his writings. Short infcriptions in the language of each poet are added to the four names which occupy the four fides of the bafe. At the foot of the pyramid lay a stone inscribed in English, to the memory of Shenstone, and near it were two trees with their branches interwoven and these words on a board : "Love, the bond of universal union." A fymbol and device prettily expreffive of the paffion which conftitutes the chief fubject of rural poetry. Near the temple of the Pastoral Muse, but without the limits of the delightful valley we had juft quitted, we faw the Temple of Philofophy. The neighbourhood of these two structures feemed to image no less truly than ingeniously, the intimate connection between nature and science; but in the ftate of the Temple of Philosophy itself, we found an allegory ftill more striking; it re mains unfinished. Over the door we read: "Of things to know the caufes." Within the temple, "Be this temple (Unfinished like the fcience whose name it bears) Sacred to the memory of him who left nothing unfaid MICHAEL MONTAIGNE." The building is fupported by fix whole pillars, infcribed with the names of Newton, Descartes, Voltaire, Penn, Montesquieu and Rouffeau. A feventh ftands broken with this infcription: "Who will complete it?" Three others without any infcription lie on the ground, alluding to the structure before it is complete. Near this temple and looking towards it, to intimate, we may suppose, the dependence of true piety on philofophy, ftands a ruftic chapel or hermitage, with this infcription over the door : "I raise my heart to the Creator of all things, while I admire him in the fairest of his works." Near this is a dark lonely valley, where we read engraved on a ftone, the following inscription; the fenfations it is fo well calculated to convey, being not a little heightened by the filence and gloominefs of the place: "In this place were found the bones of numbers flain at that unhappy period, when brethren |