lot determining whether the stairway shall be closed or whether there shall be a thoroughfare hallway. Very many dwellings of this class have been built and are building on desirable streets and avenues all over the city. Such houses are ventilated under the ground floor, or frequently have a large concrete cellar; in the first instance they are heated by latrobes, in the latter by furnaces. There is a grass plot in front usually; entrance is through a tiled vestibule; within, the woodwork is pleasing, the rooms commodious, the walls nicely papered, the bathroom tiled; there is a good yard in the rear, often a porch, and nearly always exit on an alley. Such dwellings are supplied in adequate numbers, and leave no ground for criticism from a sanitary standpoint. It may be noted that not a few colored people have availed themselves of these homes, even when they are of such circumstances that the women have to do laundry work to help pay the rent of $20.00 or $25.00 which these houses bring. Figure 18 illustrates a type in which the entire width of the lot may be utilized. It may be seen that the dining-room and one bedroom have no outside windows; the dining-room being lighted by cross illumination through the parlor and kitchen, and the bedroom being provided with a skylight. Inspection of these dwellings, of which there are many in the southeast, demonstrated that ample light reaches both rooms. A type adapted particularly for short lots, frequently to be seen about the city, is illustrated by Figure 19. Very few of this variety have been built recently, but there are so many of the kind in the city that it is of interest to note the type, and, on account of the basement rooms, it is a matter of satisfaction to note the passing of the type from general use. A design not seen until 1907 is illustrated by Figure 20. Houses of this kind are always provided with a cellar and are furnace heated; in the kitchen a gas range only is supplied, hot water for domestic purposes being supplied from a coil in the furnace in winter and from a gas water heater in the summer. This style of dwelling gives the impression of space and comfort, and the plan lends itself well to refinement of living. Such houses are estimated, according to the application for building permit, to cost from $1,500 to $2,000, but as they are put on the market for as high as $4,000 and even $5,000 for a corner house, the accuracy of the estimate given is questioned. Most of the houses of this type were built for sale and have been quickly sold; when rented they bring from $27.50 to $35.00. It may be stated, therefore, that the type of brick dwellings of low cost erected at this period cannot be criticised either on the ground of comfort or of sanitary construction and equipment. For the skilled laborer, the mechanic, the clerk, and other wage earners of like resourcefulness, homes may be had in abundance and of the best quality. Nor can fault be found with the type illustrated by Figure 15; these houses are very desirable, comfortable and sanitary; but they are not being constructed in any considerable numbers. If they can be built and rented for $16.50, their construction should be encouraged. The two-family apartment houses are all of the same general plan as the four and five room flats of the Washington Sanitary Improvement Company, a full description of which has been given. A considerable number, however, have been constructed with a concrete cellar under the entire building, the cellar containing a separate furnace for each apartment and a fuel bin. All of these houses follow the plan of the Sanitary Improvement Company in providing porches and a back yard for each flat. On the outskirts of the city and in the suburbs most of the dwellings are of frame construction. There are two general types to be seen: (1) A cottage type, in which great diversity of floor plan and exterior finish obtains. Examples of this type are illustrated in Figure 21. Dwellings of this type are usually provided with furnace heat and have water, gas, and sewer connections when these public utilities are available. They contain usually 6 or 8 rooms, with bath; they have large porches and are surrounded by a yard, part of which may be utilized as a garden. The great majority of this type have been built and are owned by the occupants; none is available for the day laborer class, because when rented they bring from $18.00 to $30.00 rent. The estimated cost, as given in the applications for building permits, is from $900.00 up to $2,000 for the kind of houses investigated, although there are many cottages of the bungalow plan, containing four and five rooms and bath, which were estimated to cost from $500 to $750. The great majority of the suburban dwellings recently erected belong to this cottage type. Far out, of course, the water supply is obtained from wells, and the water closets give place to box privies, but even here many of them are built with a bathroom, anticipating the extension of the public water supply. The more costly houses have a tank in the attic from which running water is distributed through the house, the tank being filled by hand pump, gasoline engine, or wind mill, the waste water being cared for in a cesspool. (2) A type of frame dwellings built for renting purposes exists in limited numbers. Figure 22 illustrates this type wherever seen, although they are not always built double as in the illustration. Such houses are of the plainest construction, no ornamentation outside, bare plaster inside; they are heated by stoves, have no bath nor water closet, and obtain water in some instances from a hydrant in the yard, more often from a well in the yard, or from a well or hydrant in the neighborhood. These houses are identical in plan with many of the old frame dwellings which are a present source of trouble in the city, but the new ones are sound, plumb, have water-proof roofs, and are dry because they are usually set upon brick piers. Colored people usually occupy these houses and pay $10.00 for them, whether near the city or far out on some county road. Rather better houses of the same type, but with larger rooms and set upon wall foundations, |