parts of speech which can govern the objective case; namely, active verbs, active participles and prepositions; so that if a noun or pronoun be in the objective case, it must be governed by an active verb, active participle, or preposition. I will give you an example of a noun in the objective case, which is the object of an action, and governed by an active verb; I saw a man. Man, in this sentence is in the objective case, the object of the action of the active transitive verb saw. Saw is an active verb, it expresses action. Active transitive verbs govern the objective case. The lady studies rhetoric. Rhetoric is the object of the action, and must be in the objective case. Harriet learns grammar. In this sentence, the noun Harriet is the agent or actor, therefore in the nominative case to the verb learns. Learns is the action, and grammar the object acted upon; therefore grammar must be in the objective case. We know that grammar is not a noun in the possessive case, for that case is known at sight. It is not in the nominative case, it does not do any thing; therefore it must be in the objective case. But we will invert the question in order to make it more intelligible to you, who are learners. Grammar learns Harriet. Now the noun grammar, instead of being in the objective case, and governed by an active verb, becomes the agent or actor to that verb; consequently it must be in the nominative case, and Harriet is in the objective case, the object of the action. I will give you an example of nouns in the objective case, governed by active participles; Receiving the information, Writing a letter. Here the nouns information and letter are in the objective case, the objects of the action of the active participles receiving and writing. Receiving and writing are participles, derived from the active verbs receive and write, and will govern the objective case, the same as the verbs will, from which they are derived. I will give you an example of nouns in the objective case, which are the objects of a relation, and governed by prepositions; With the gentleman, from Philadelphia. The nouns gentleman and Philadelphia are in the objective case, and governed by the prepositions with and from.

I would observe, that the next noun or pronoun following a preposition must be in the objective case, unless that noun or pronoun is in the possessive case. Thus you perceive, Grammarians, that by exercising your reasoning powers, and reviewing what has been said, you may readily ascertain whether a noun is in the nominative, possessive, or objective case. Permit me now to observe, that a noun may be in the nominative case independent of the rest of the sentence. Therefore, to say it is in the nominative case to a verb, or to say it is in the possessive or objective case, would be incorrect. Perhaps you will say, how shall we ascertain when a noun is in the nominative case independent. We answer, whenever you address a person or thing, that person or thing must be in the nominative case independent; as, Gentlemen, permit me to address you. Here we address the gentlemen, consequently the noun gentlemen must be in the nominative case independent. "King Agrippa, believest thou the prophets?" King Agrippa is the nominative case independent. I never knew a noun in the second person, in any other case. I have now to inform you, that a noun may be in the

nominative case absolute. Perhaps you will say, how shall we know when a noun is in the nominative case absolute? I answer, when it stands before a participle independent of the rest of the sentence; as, the Sun having risen, darkness fled away. In this sentence, sun is in the nominative case absolute. It stands before the participle having risen, independent of the rest of the sentence. The gentlemen having arrived, we proceeded. Gentlemen is in the nominative case absolute. It stands before the participle having arrived. Permit me now to observe that a noun may be put by apposition, in the same case with another noun. But you will say, how shall we know when a noun is in the case by apposition? I answer, when two nouns come together, signifying the same thing, the latter noun is put by apposition in the same case with the former; as, Paul the Apostle was an inspired preacher. Here Paul and Apostle signify the same thing, consequently they must be in the same case: So that if you can tell the case of Paul, you know the case of Apostle. Harriet the grammarian. Here, grammarian is a noun, in the case by apposition. It signifies the same thing as Harriet. The latter noun is always the apposition noun. will now inform you, that a noun may be in the nominative case after the verb to be, or any of its inflections; as, am, art, is, was, were, are, and been. Perhaps you will say, how shall we distinguish this case? I answer, if the verb to be, has a nominative case before it, it must have one after it; as, She is Caroline. Here the noun Caroline is in the nominative case after the neuter verb is; it has a nominative she before it. And a pronoun may be in the nominative case after the verb to be, and is, when it has a nominative case before it; as, it is I. You cannot say it is me. It is she. You cannot say it is her. It is we. You cannot say it is us. It is he coming yonder. You cannot say it is him. I will now inform you that a noun may be in the objective case after the verb to be. Perhaps you will ask, how shall we ascertain when this occurs? I answer, when it has an objective case before it, it must have one after it. "And Agrippa said unto Paul, almost thou persuadest me to be a Christian." Here Christian is in the objective case after the verb to be; it has an objective me before it. And a pronoun may be in the objective case after the verb, to be, and is, when it has an objective case before it; as, I took it to be her. You would not say, I took it to be she. And a verb in the infinitive mood, or part of a sentence, may be used as a noun, and put in the nominative case to another verb; as, "To maintain a steady and unbroken mind amidst all the shocks of the world, marks a great and noble spirit." Here, "to maintain a steady and unbroken mind amidst all the shocks of the world," is a part of a sentence, used as one word, as a noun, and put in the nominative case to the verb marks. Thus you perceive, that a noun may be in the nominative case to a verb; as, Harriet learns. It may be in the possessive case; as, Harriet's book. It may be in the objective case, and governed by an active verb; as, I saw Harriet. It may be in the objective case, and governed by a preposition; as, I went with Harriet; it may be in the objective case and governed by an active

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participle; as, instructing Harriet. It may be in the nominative case independent; as, Harriet, permit me to give you a lecture. It may be in the case absolute; as, Harriet having arrived, we proceeded. It may be put by apposition in the same case with another noun; as, the grammarian Harriet. It may be in the nominative case after the neuter verb, to be; as, she is Harriet. It may be in the objective case after the neuter verb, to be; as, I took her to be Harriet. And a verb in the infinitive mood, or part of a sentence, may be used as a noun, and put in the nominative case to another verb; as, to see Harriet, gives pleasure. If a noun may be varied through all these inflections of case, it will truly be considered one of the principal difficulties in acquiring a knowledge of grammar, to give the true case of a noun or pronoun; but by repeating this Lecture until you can answer all questions upon it, what now appears abstruse and extremely difficult will appear plain and obvious.

I will now conclude this lecture by parsing a noun and applying the definitions agreeably to the order laid down. Harriet learns. Harriet is a noun, the name of a thing. Proper, the name appropriated to individuals. Of the feminine gender, denotes objects of the female kind. Of the third person spoken of, in the singular number, denotes but one object, and in the nominative case to the verb learns. The nominative case denotes the agent or actor.

QUESTIONS

ON THE LECTURE ON THE NOUN.

Name a

Favour us with the order of parsing a noun. Favour us with a noun. Name a noun proper. Name a noun common. noun of multitude. Name a participial noun. What is gender? How many are there? Name them. Define the masculine gender. Define the feminine gender. Define the neuter gender. Name a noun of the masculine gender. Name one of the feminine. Name a noun of the neuter gender. Name a noun, naturally neuter, by figure of speech converted into the masculine gender. Name one, naturally neuter, by figure of speech called feminine. Name a noun of the common gender. What is person? How many persons have nouns? Name a noun in the second person. Name one in the third person. What is number? How many numbers are there? Name a noun in the singular number. Name one in the plural. Name a noun that is ever in the singular. Name one that is ever in the plural. Name some noun which is the same in both numbers. How is the plural number of nouns generally

formed?

What is case? How many cases are there? Name them. Define the nominative case. Define the possessive case. Define the objective case. Place the noun John in the nominative case to a verb. Place the noun Harriet in the possessive case. To how many parts of speech do we give case? How many parts of speech are there which can govern the objective case? Name them. Place the noun Caroline in the objective case, governed by an ac

tive verb. Place the noun Eliza in the objective case governed by an active participle. Place the noun Fanny in the objective case, governed by a preposition. Place the noun Harriet in the nominative case independent. Why is Harriet in the nominative case independent. Place the noun Charlotte in the nominative case absolute. Why is Charlotte in the nominative case absolute? Place the noun Caroline in the case by apposition. Why is Caroline in the case by apposition? Which noun is always the apposition noun ? Place the noun Joseph in the nominative after the verb to be, or any of its inflections. Why is Joseph in the nominative case after the verb to be? Place a pronoun in the nominative case after the verb to be. Why is it in the nominative case after the verb to be? Place the noun John in the objective case after the verb to be. Why is John in the objective case after the verb to be? Place a pronoun in the objective case after the verb to be. Why is it in the objective case after the verb to be? Place a verb in the infinitive mood, or part of a sentence which embraces the noun Susan, in the nominative case to another verb. Parse a noun agreeably to the order, and apply the definitions.

LECTURE ON THE VERB.

GRAMMARIANS-Permit me to give you the lecture on the verb. You have frequently been taught, in the introductory lecture, what a verb is, and how to distinguish it. I would here beg leave to observe, that the verb is the most difficult part of speech which will present itself to your view in the acquisition of this science. Its inflections are numerous, they are intricate. But if you will attend carefully to the explanations which I am about to make, you will soon be able to dispose of it accurately in every situation. I will now give you the order of parsing a verb, which is,—a verb, and why. Regular, irregular, or defective, and why. Active, passive, or neuter, and why. If active, transitive or intransitive, and why. Mood and tense, and why. Person, number, and with what it agrees, and why. This order I will explain to you in the most familiar manner.

And first, a verb, and why. Upon this, I need not descant, as it has been correctly explained in the introductory lecture. I will proceed to explain regular, irregular, and defective verbs. All verbs are regular, irregular, or defective. Regular verbs are those, which will form their imperfect tense in the indicative mood, and perfect participle, with the addition of d or ed to the verb; as, learn, learned; introduce, introduced. In short, regular verbs will end in ed, in past time. Irregular verbs are those, which will not form their imperfect tense in the indicative mood, and perfect participle, with the addition of d or ed, to the verb; as, write, wrote; go, went. In short, they will not end in ed, in past time. Defective verbs are those that can be conjugated only in some particular modes and tenses. They may be distinguished by the list. I will give you the list. Am, was, been, can, could, shall, should, may,

might, will, would, etc. Love is not a defective verb, you can use it in any mood and tense. You can say, I love, I loved, I have loved, I had loved, I shall or will love, I shall have loved, I may, can, or must love; but can is a defective verb. You can say, I can; but you cannot say, I have can, I had can, I shall or will can, may, can, or must can. I have now to inform you, that every verb is active, passive, or neuter. Active verbs, Grammarians, express action; as, learn, introduce, run, fly, etc. Most active verbs may be distinguished by taking the pronoun, him, me, her, or us, after them, though there are exceptions to this rule. Walk, run, and fly are active verbs; they certainly express a high degree of action ; yet they will not admit an objective case after them; as, him, me, her, etc.

A passive verb expresses the passion, suffering, or receiving of an action; as, am loved, was instructed, have been taught. Here, am loved, was instructed, have been taught, are passive verbs. Permit me to observe, that one verb alone can never be passive; it always takes two verbs, to make a passive verb. A passive verb is formed by adding a perfect participle to the neuter verb be, or any of its inflections. The neuter verb be has inflections; as, am, art, is, are, was, were, been. Add a perfect participle, as loved, taught, to the verb be, or any of its inflections, and the verb will be passive. The best rule for distinguishing a passive verb is to know how it is formed. There never was a passive verb without the verb be or one of the seven inflections, joined to another verb. Is am loved a passive verb? It is. Am is one of the inflections of the verb to be, joined to the verb loved. But would have loved be a passive verb? It would not. Have is not the verb to be, or any of its inflections, consequently it cannot be passive.

Neuter verbs express neither action, nor passion, but being, or a state of being; as, be, live, lie, etc. The verbs be, live, and lie, are neuter. There are very few neuter verbs in the English language; and your good sense will readily enable you to distinguish them. I would remark that some modern grammarians believe we have no passive or neuter verbs. Active transitive, or intransitive, is next in order. If the verb is active it is always transitive, or intransitive, but if passive or neuter, you have nothing to say about transitive or intransitive. Active transitive verbs, are those, where the action passes from an agent to an object; as, Harriet learns grammar. Here the verb learns is active transitive, the action passes from the agent Harriet to the object grammar.

Active intransitive verbs, are those where the action is solely confined to the agent, and does not pass over to an object; as, birds fly, boys run. Here fly and run are active, but intransitive; because the action is confined to their agents, and does not pass over to an object. Mood, or mode, is next in order. Allow me here to remark, that this lecture is intended to obviate the third principal difficulty in becoming a grammarian. To give the mood and tense to a verb, the person and number of it, and to tell with what it agrees, may truly be considered the third principal difficulty in the acquisition of this science.

Mood is a particular form of the verb, showing the manner in which the action, passion, or being is represented. Verbs have five