Apocrisiary, or keeper of the palace,
166
Acts of the Oxford Parliament, 357 Arianism, introduction of, into
Adalid Mayor, 248
Adalides, election and office of the, Arimanni, or Rathimburgi, 146
Administration of Diocletian, 24
Alaric II., king of the Visigoths,
in Gaul, 208
Alfaqueque, appointment of, 249
Alfred the Great, influence of, on.
English legislature, 30, 41; right
of, to the throne, 53
Algila, king of the Visigoths, 210
Allodium, characteristics of the, 107
Allods, 106; conversion of, into
benefices, 125; proprietors of,
107, 135
Almocadene, appointment of the,
249
Almogavars, 248
Alode, origin of the term, 106
Amalaric, king of Spain, 209
Ambassadors, French, 108
America, elections in, 407, 408
Anglo-Saxons, 29, 37; resemblance
of, to the Normans, 281; sub-
jection of the, 286; general
assemblies of the, 49; institu-
tions of the, 38, 46, 282, 284
Saxon heretochs, election of,
Assessors, appointment and duties
of, 44, 158, 239
Ballot, origin of the scheme, 408
Barbarianism, epoch of, 258
Barons, original qualifications of,
294; tyranny of the, 358;
wealth of the, 457; struggles of,
with the Commons, 497-501
Council of, 423
factions of the, 518, 519
Norman, coalition of the,
300, 303, 309, 311; increasing
powers of the, 306; contests of,
with King John, 311-318; with
Henry III., 322; with Edward
I., 327; with Edward II., 456
French, powers of the, 101
Basques, see Vascons.
Becket, Thomas, rise of, 275; fall
of, 278
Belgium, settlement of the Franks
in, 84
Benefices, 112; tenure of, 114, 115,
120, 135; transference of, 116;
conditions attached to, 124;
character of, 125
Montesquieu on, 117
hereditary, 119
Beneficiaries, 135, 160
Benevolences, substitution of, for
taxes, 520
Bills, parliamentary, origin of, 514;
amendments to, first permitted,
515
of attainder, 517
Bishops, powers of, in Gaul, 143;
nomination of, 144; position of,
in the Roman Empire, 200, 205;
political preponderance of, 221
Black Prince, the, 489, 490
Borough representation, corruption
of, 386
Boroughs, progress of the liberties
of, 28; deputies of, first called
to Parliament, 361; forms of
elections for, 387
Bracton, on "Sovereign power," 267
Breviarium Aniani, 209, 241, 245;
abolition of the, 244
Britain, a Roman colony, 25; first
inhabitants of, 270
Britons, origin of the, 270
Brunehaut, queen of Austrasia, 89
ancestors of, 210
Cambridge, University of, first re-
presented in Parliament, 373
Capacity, electoral, 395, 396; legal
signs of, 397
Capitularies, 168
Carlovingians, wealth of the, 113;
dissolution of the kingdom under
the, 95; monarchy of the, 157;
fall of the, 160, 171
Catalonia, origin of the name, 207
Castile, ancient customs of, 246
Centralization, origin of, 39; object
of, 201
• progress of, in Eng-
land, 268, 275, 289, 316, 364
in
tendency to,
France, 94, 158; progress of,
in Rome, 184, 201
monarchical, 158
of power opposed to
representative government, 520;
origin of, 289; tendency to, in
England, 364, 497; tendency to,
in France, 100, 289
Ceorls, history of the, 33-37
Chamberlain, office of, 166
Champs de Mars, assemblies of, 80,
163-169
Chancery, courts of, 297
Charlemagne, political aspect of the
reign of, 96-98; attempt of,
to establish monarchy, 149, 158;
government of, 154, 157, 170
Charies the Bald, reign of, in France,
99; government of, 158, 171;
laws of tenure under, 120
the Fat, reign of, 100
Charters, origin of, 300
English, history of, 302-
306; general character of, 319;
statute in confirmation of, 330
of Edward I., 328
of Henry I., 273, 304
of Henry II., 306
of Henry II., 320;
violation of the, 321; revocation
of, 322; confirmation of, 323,
324
of John, 309, 311, 316
Magna, or the great, 313-
Cities, defenders of, appointed, 199;
duties of, 242
Citizenship, Roman, terms of ad-
mission to, 182, 185
Civil list, origin of the, 496
courts, powers of the, estab
lished, 276
Civilization, effects of, on society
32, 33; its aid to power, 39
progress of, 155; chief aim of,
161
in England, 282
European, unity of, 257
Clarendon, constitution of, 276--
278, 292
Clarissimi, 193, 194
Classification of persons, principles
of, 134, 135, 137, 138, 193
of members, 421, 422,
of governments, 61,
Clement V., bull of, 332, 333;
letter of, to Edward I., 332
Clergy, influence of the, 98, 162,
177, 190, 205, 212; privileges
of the, 194; political predomi-
nance of, 220; incompetency of,
for government, 232; powers of
the, 276, 310; decline of, in Eng-
land, 282, 491; contests of, with
royalty, 310; charters granted
to, 311; statutes in favour of,
499
Clovis, wars of, 84; death of, 85;
successors of, 86
Code of English laws, 286
the Visigoths, 177
Colonies, Roman, 25; state of the,
179
Comitia, the, in Rome, 184, 185
Commons, admission of the, to Par-
liament, 370-373, 451; forma-
tion of the, 422; intervention of,
in matters of peace or war, 485;
political influence of, 452, 487,
495; progressive rights of the,
400, 476, 480, 488, 496, 516;
resistance of, to regal power, 477
499, 501; power of, in govern-
ment, 495, 497; annihilation of Courts, civil powers of, established,
Cromwell, Parliament under, 6, 7
Committees, parliamentary, first Crusades, 279
Concilium, attributes of the, 290, Curfew, laws of, 271
Regni, 290
Confiscation, 286
Conquest, Norman, 271; effects of
the, 281, 283, 285; results of,
287, 288
Curia, attributes of the, 183, 188,
197; importance of the, 243;
abolishment of, 204
de more, 290, 291
regis, 291; constitution of
of England by Louis of Curials of the Roman Empire, 183,
France, 318
193; functions and charges of,
195
of Gaul, 84, 91
Constitutions of Clarendon, 276-
Despotism, origin of, 156, 158,
341; tests of, 170, 187; union
of, with privilege, 194; forms of,
444
Roman, 161, 199; effects
of, in the west, 180; dangers of,
187; principles of, 204
Diocletian, administration of, 24
Dissolution, tendency to, in early
states, 95, 101; phenomena of,
102
Districts, electoral, 404
Donors of benefices, 124
Doomsday - book, compilation of,
286; tythes granted by, 326 n.
Dukes, appointment and jurisdic-
tion of, 152
Duty on wool, first imposed, 326
Duumvir, 198
Edward I., reign of, 325-330;
exactions of, 326; quarrels of,
with the nobles, 327, 329; sta-
tute of, 330; character of, 368;
Parliaments of, 368, 370, 371,
374
II., reign of, 454-461;
Parliaments of, 455; deposition
of, 457
III., reign of, 476, 484-
489; death of, 490; Parliaments
of, 495-498
Egica, succession of, 214
Eginhard, on the "Tenure of Bene-
fices," 117, 124
Election, direct advantages of, 408;
necessity of, 411
indirect evils of, 412, 413;
source of, 416
Elections, an element in represen-
tative government, 80, 409; evils
of, 407
American, forms of, 407
of borough members, 387
of councillors, 166
of county members, 381
Elections, English, 404-407
French, 408
of kings, 222
of knights, 380, 419; by
the sheriff, 354
by vote, limited power of,
character and power of,
63; introduction of, 80; forms
of, 387; necessity for, 265;
effects of, on feudalism, 422; ad-
vantages of, 408; fundamental
law of, 405; influence of kings
upon, 492 n.; abuses of, first
repressed, 491; parliamentary in-
terference in, 507
Electors, original qualification of,
377, 381, 385; two classes of,
393; rights of, 406, 407
Emperors, powers of the, 28
Empire, Roman, political sterility of
the, 24; social condition of, in the
5th century, 193-203; fall of
the, 187, 205; position of bishops
under the, 200, 205; Honorati of
the, 243
Enfranchisement, modes of, 146,
147; progress of, 173; effects of,
on the continent, 424
general, 498
England, early history of, 29-31,
270; division of the soil, 42; re-
presentative government in, 56,
69, 258, 263, 266, 268, 519;
progress of feudalism in, 274,
280; civilization of, 282; con-
quest of, by Louis of France, 318;
facts which decided the political
destiny of, 423; modern state
of, 448; political aspect of, in the
reign of Edward III., 477; in-
stitutions of, 30, 149, 284, 494
Enquiry, right of, 473
commissions of, instituted,
Epochs of European history, 258
Error, sources of, 4
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