Apocrisiary, or keeper of the palace, 166
Acts of the Oxford Parliament, 357 Arianism, introduction of, into Adalid Mayor, 248
Adalides, election and office of the, Arimanni, or Rathimburgi, 146
Administration of Diocletian, 24 Alaric II., king of the Visigoths, in Gaul, 208
Alfaqueque, appointment of, 249 Alfred the Great, influence of, on. English legislature, 30, 41; right of, to the throne, 53 Algila, king of the Visigoths, 210 Allodium, characteristics of the, 107 Allods, 106; conversion of, into benefices, 125; proprietors of, 107, 135
Almocadene, appointment of the, 249 Almogavars, 248
Alode, origin of the term, 106 Amalaric, king of Spain, 209 Ambassadors, French, 108 America, elections in, 407, 408 Anglo-Saxons, 29, 37; resemblance
of, to the Normans, 281; sub- jection of the, 286; general assemblies of the, 49; institu- tions of the, 38, 46, 282, 284 Saxon heretochs, election of,
Assessors, appointment and duties of, 44, 158, 239
Ballot, origin of the scheme, 408 Barbarianism, epoch of, 258 Barons, original qualifications of, 294; tyranny of the, 358; wealth of the, 457; struggles of, with the Commons, 497-501 Council of, 423
factions of the, 518, 519
Norman, coalition of the, 300, 303, 309, 311; increasing powers of the, 306; contests of, with King John, 311-318; with Henry III., 322; with Edward I., 327; with Edward II., 456
French, powers of the, 101 Basques, see Vascons. Becket, Thomas, rise of, 275; fall of, 278
Belgium, settlement of the Franks in, 84
Benefices, 112; tenure of, 114, 115, 120, 135; transference of, 116; conditions attached to, 124; character of, 125
Montesquieu on, 117 hereditary, 119
Beneficiaries, 135, 160
Benevolences, substitution of, for taxes, 520
Bills, parliamentary, origin of, 514; amendments to, first permitted, 515
of attainder, 517 Bishops, powers of, in Gaul, 143; nomination of, 144; position of,
in the Roman Empire, 200, 205; political preponderance of, 221 Black Prince, the, 489, 490 Borough representation, corruption of, 386
Boroughs, progress of the liberties of, 28; deputies of, first called to Parliament, 361; forms of elections for, 387
Bracton, on "Sovereign power," 267 Breviarium Aniani, 209, 241, 245; abolition of the, 244 Britain, a Roman colony, 25; first inhabitants of, 270 Britons, origin of the, 270 Brunehaut, queen of Austrasia, 89 ancestors of, 210
Cambridge, University of, first re- presented in Parliament, 373 Capacity, electoral, 395, 396; legal signs of, 397 Capitularies, 168
Carlovingians, wealth of the, 113; dissolution of the kingdom under the, 95; monarchy of the, 157; fall of the, 160, 171 Catalonia, origin of the name, 207 Castile, ancient customs of, 246 Centralization, origin of, 39; object of, 201
• progress of, in Eng- land, 268, 275, 289, 316, 364 in tendency to, France, 94, 158; progress of,
in Rome, 184, 201 monarchical, 158
of power opposed to representative government, 520; origin of, 289; tendency to, in England, 364, 497; tendency to, in France, 100, 289 Ceorls, history of the, 33-37
Chamberlain, office of, 166 Champs de Mars, assemblies of, 80, 163-169
Chancery, courts of, 297 Charlemagne, political aspect of the reign of, 96-98; attempt of, to establish monarchy, 149, 158; government of, 154, 157, 170 Charies the Bald, reign of, in France, 99; government of, 158, 171; laws of tenure under, 120
the Fat, reign of, 100
Charters, origin of, 300
English, history of, 302- 306; general character of, 319; statute in confirmation of, 330 of Edward I., 328 of Henry I., 273, 304 of Henry II., 306
of Henry II., 320; violation of the, 321; revocation of, 322; confirmation of, 323, 324
of John, 309, 311, 316 Magna, or the great, 313-
Cities, defenders of, appointed, 199; duties of, 242 Citizenship, Roman, terms of ad- mission to, 182, 185 Civil list, origin of the, 496
courts, powers of the, estab lished, 276 Civilization, effects of, on society 32, 33; its aid to power, 39 progress of, 155; chief aim of, 161
in England, 282 European, unity of, 257 Clarendon, constitution of, 276-- 278, 292 Clarissimi, 193, 194 Classification of persons, principles of, 134, 135, 137, 138, 193
of members, 421, 422, of governments, 61,
Clement V., bull of, 332, 333; letter of, to Edward I., 332 Clergy, influence of the, 98, 162, 177, 190, 205, 212; privileges of the, 194; political predomi- nance of, 220; incompetency of, for government, 232; powers of the, 276, 310; decline of, in Eng- land, 282, 491; contests of, with royalty, 310; charters granted to, 311; statutes in favour of, 499
Clovis, wars of, 84; death of, 85; successors of, 86
Code of English laws, 286
the Visigoths, 177 Colonies, Roman, 25; state of the, 179
Comitia, the, in Rome, 184, 185 Commons, admission of the, to Par- liament, 370-373, 451; forma- tion of the, 422; intervention of, in matters of peace or war, 485; political influence of, 452, 487, 495; progressive rights of the, 400, 476, 480, 488, 496, 516; resistance of, to regal power, 477 499, 501; power of, in govern-
ment, 495, 497; annihilation of Courts, civil powers of, established,
Cromwell, Parliament under, 6, 7
Committees, parliamentary, first Crusades, 279
Concilium, attributes of the, 290, Curfew, laws of, 271
Regni, 290
Confiscation, 286
Conquest, Norman, 271; effects of the, 281, 283, 285; results of, 287, 288
Curia, attributes of the, 183, 188, 197; importance of the, 243; abolishment of, 204
de more, 290, 291
regis, 291; constitution of
of England by Louis of Curials of the Roman Empire, 183, France, 318 193; functions and charges of, 195
of Gaul, 84, 91 Constitutions of Clarendon, 276-
Despotism, origin of, 156, 158, 341; tests of, 170, 187; union of, with privilege, 194; forms of, 444
Roman, 161, 199; effects of, in the west, 180; dangers of, 187; principles of, 204 Diocletian, administration of, 24 Dissolution, tendency to, in early states, 95, 101; phenomena of, 102
Districts, electoral, 404 Donors of benefices, 124 Doomsday - book, compilation of, 286; tythes granted by, 326 n. Dukes, appointment and jurisdic- tion of, 152
Duty on wool, first imposed, 326 Duumvir, 198
Edward I., reign of, 325-330; exactions of, 326; quarrels of, with the nobles, 327, 329; sta- tute of, 330; character of, 368; Parliaments of, 368, 370, 371, 374
II., reign of, 454-461; Parliaments of, 455; deposition of, 457
III., reign of, 476, 484- 489; death of, 490; Parliaments of, 495-498 Egica, succession of, 214 Eginhard, on the "Tenure of Bene- fices," 117, 124
Election, direct advantages of, 408; necessity of, 411
indirect evils of, 412, 413;
source of, 416 Elections, an element in represen- tative government, 80, 409; evils of, 407
American, forms of, 407 of borough members, 387 of councillors, 166 of county members, 381
Elections, English, 404-407 French, 408 of kings, 222
of knights, 380, 419; by
the sheriff, 354
by vote, limited power of,
character and power of, 63; introduction of, 80; forms of, 387; necessity for, 265; effects of, on feudalism, 422; ad- vantages of, 408; fundamental law of, 405; influence of kings upon, 492 n.; abuses of, first repressed, 491; parliamentary in- terference in, 507
Electors, original qualification of, 377, 381, 385; two classes of, 393; rights of, 406, 407 Emperors, powers of the, 28 Empire, Roman, political sterility of the, 24; social condition of, in the 5th century, 193-203; fall of the, 187, 205; position of bishops under the, 200, 205; Honorati of the, 243 Enfranchisement, modes of, 146, 147; progress of, 173; effects of, on the continent, 424
general, 498 England, early history of, 29-31, 270; division of the soil, 42; re- presentative government in, 56, 69, 258, 263, 266, 268, 519; progress of feudalism in, 274, 280; civilization of, 282; con- quest of, by Louis of France, 318; facts which decided the political destiny of, 423; modern state of, 448; political aspect of, in the reign of Edward III., 477; in- stitutions of, 30, 149, 284, 494 Enquiry, right of, 473
commissions of, instituted,
Epochs of European history, 258 Error, sources of, 4
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