Error of the Whigs and Tories, 293,
462

Erwig, usurpation of, 213
Escuage, establishment of, 306;
laws of, 313.

Euric, king of the Visigoths, 208
Evesham, battle of, 362
Evil, conflicts of, 68

Exchequer, court of, instituted, 297
Excommunication, 310

F.

Fact, philosophy of, 426
Favourites, empire of, in England,
455, 500, 502
Feudalism, characteristics of, 14, 35,
104, 120, 173; first principles of,
41; importance of, to the forma-
tion of society, 130; rapid ex-
tension of, 146, 158, 171; origin
of, 148; conflicts of, 149; rudi-
ments of, 151; influence of,
175; epoch of, 258; establish-
ment of, in England, 271, 280;
decline of, in England, 437

in France, 95, 285; ef-
fects of, 102; progress of, 110,
111, 113; predominance of, 159;
attacks on, 173; source of, 284.
effects of, on the Saxons,

286
Fidelity, oaths of, 123
Fiefs, book of, 117

Forests, charters relating to, 316,
321, 493

Formation and dissolution, pheno-
mena of, 102

Fortescue, on "Sovereign Power,"
267
Forty-shilling freeholders, origin of,
381

Forum Judicium, laws of the, 216,
224, 226, 237; study of the,

255

France, historical position of, 3;
absolute monarchy in, 56; repre-
sentative government in, 62, 175,

519; early settlements of, 84;
partition of the realm, 87, 92;
national assemblies established
in, 163-169; centralization of
power in, 289

Franks, origin of the, 82; coun-
tries first inhabited by, 88; in-
stitutions of the, 83, 103, 149;
first habitations of, 111; con-
dition of, under the Romans, 134;
national assemblies of the, 163,
174; results of their settlement
in Gaul, 172

under Charlemagne, 97
Fredegonde, queen of Neustria, 89
Free-men, various classes of, 136;
rank of, 143; signification of the
term, 145

in Rome, 193
Freeholders, origin of, 295, 378
court of, 353, 379
rights of, 380, 381,

85
Fueros, or ancient customs of Cas-
tile, 246, 247

G.

Gaul, invasion of, by the Germans,

26; conquest of, by Clovis, 84;
by Pepin, 91, 93; territorial
division of, 103, 150; settlement
of the Franks in, 172; Visigothic
monarchy in, 208

Germany, Franks in, 84; primitive
state of society in, 148; institu-
tions of, 148

Gibbon, history by, 259, 260
Goths, character of the, 236; laws
of the, 246
Government, forms and principles
of, 56, 58, 443; co-existence of,
with society, 57; true laws of,
60; problem of, 78; twofold
object of, 155; theories of, 341

aristocratic, 66, 70;
consequences of, 68, 457

central, rise of, 289;
principal organ of, 452

302

free, progress towards,

English, sources of,
283; fundamental principles of,
369

local, 240

monarchical, sources
of, 444; encroachments upon, 487
parliamentary, strug-
gles of, with absolute power,
495-501

-, representative, origin
of, 12; distinct features of, 47,
61; principles of, 55, 71, 77,
264, 265, 267, 440, 441; aim
of, 62, 64; requirements of, 67;
forms of, 77, 266; characteristics
of, 265; formation of, 302;
nature of, 340, 348, 440

in

England, causes which led to the
establishment of, 267, 289, 521;
first development of, 354, 355;
necessity for the perfecting of,
474, 475; decadence of, 520

II., reign of, 275; charters
of, 306; negotiations of, with
Rome, 278; Parliaments of, 292

III., reign of, 319; charters
of, 320, 321, 323; struggles of,
with the barons, 355, 356, 359;
Parliaments convoked by, 360,
362; political character of, 368
IV., reign of, 518

V., parliamentary character
of the reign of, 518
Hierarchy of feudalism, 175
Hincmar, Archbishop, letter of, on
national assemblies, 164
History, simultaneous development
of, 1, 2, 11; aspects of, 259,
260; adaption of, to the present
age, 261

37

of the Anglo-Saxons, 29,

of England, sketch of, 270;
remarkable fact in the, 494
of English towns, 364
European, epochs of, 13,

in

France, 62, 175, 519

258

op-

posed to absolute power, 441

under

the feudal system, 175

the

government of the majority, 72

Mon-

tesquieu on, 56

75

free, 449

of free nations, 260

philosophic, 260

poetical, 259

political, 262

practical, 260

Honorati, the, under the Roman
empire, 243

Honorius III., decrees of, 321

Grants, parliamentary, 419, 420
Gregory VII., Pope, contests of,
with William the Norman, 272
Gundemar, reign of, 211

419-423, 435; results of the
establishment of the, 437; in-
creasing powers of, 486; strug-
gles of, with the Commons, 498
in the 15th

century, 515
Houses of Parliament, origin of the
separation of the, 314, 418;
distinct characters of, 372, 478

Hubert de Burgh, 322

Hugh Capet, 101, 160; succession
of, 171

Hullman, Dr., views of, on the
social state, 104

Hume, history by, 259, 260

of, 281

of, 172

ties relating to, 103, 104, 149
free, birth of, 254:
establishment of, in England, 28.
284; circumstances favourable
to, 494; decline of, 149, 172
of liberty in Germany,

the, 92, 95