of Christ is God." Eph. i. 17. "the God of our Lord Jesus Christ." 1 Cor. xv. 27. "when he saith, all things are put under him, it is manifest that he is excepted, which did put all things under him: and when all things shall be subdued unto him, then shall the Son also himself be subject unto him that put all things under him, that God may be all in all." Here the usual subterfuge of the opponents of this doctrine, that of alleging the mediatorial office of Christ can be of no avail; since it is expressly declared, that when the Son shall have completed his functions as mediator, and nothing shall remain to prevent him from resuming his original glory as only begotten Son, he shall nevertheless be subject unto the Father.

Such was the faith of the saints respecting the Son of God; such is the tenor of the celebrated confession of that faith; such is the doctrine which alone is taught in Scripture, which is acceptable to God, and has the promise of eternal salvation. Matt. xvi. 15-19. "whom say ye that I am? and Simon Peter answered and said, Thou art the Christ, the Son of the living God and Jesus answered and said unto him: Blessed art thou, Simon Bar-jona; for flesh and blood hath not revealed it unto thee, but my Father which is in heaven.... upon this rock I will build my Church." Luke ix. 20. "the Christ of God." John i. 49, 50. "Nathanael answered and saith unto him, Rabbi, thou art the Son of God; thou art the King of Israel." vi. 69. "we believe and are sure that thou art that Christ, the Son of the living God." ix. 35-38. "dost thou believe on the Son of God? he answered and said, Who is he, Lord, that I might believe on him? and Jesus saith unto him, Thou hast both seen him, and it is he that talketh with thee: and he said, Lord, I believe; and he worshipped him." xi. 22, 26, 27. "I know that even now, whatsoever thou wilt ask of God, God will give it thee whosoever liveth and believeth in me, shall never die believest thou this? she saith unto him, Yea, Lord, I believe that thou art the Christ, the Son of God, which should come into the world." xvi. 27, 30, 31. "the Father himself loveth you, because ye have loved me, and have believed that I came out from God: now are we sure that thou knowest all things; by this we believe that thou camest forth from God." xvii. 3, 7, 8, 21. “this is life eternal that they might know thee the only

true God, and Jesus Christ whom thou hast sent: now they have known that all things, whatsoever thou hast given me, are of thee; for I have given unto them the words which thou gavest me; and they have received them, and have known surely that I came out from thee: that the world may believe that thou hast sent me." "" xx. 31. "these are written, that ye might believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God, and that believing, ye might have life through his name.' Acts viii. 37. "if thou believest, thou mayest.... I believe that Jesus Christ is the Son of God." Rom. x. 9. “ if thou shalt believe in thine heart that God hath raised him from the dead, thou shalt be saved." Col. ii. 2. "that their hearts might be comforted, being knit together in love, and unto all riches of the full assurance of understanding, to the acknowledgement of the mystery of God, and of the Father, and of Christ.' Philipp. iv. 6, 7. "let your requests be made known upto God: and the peace of God, which passeth all understanding, shall keep your hearts and minds through Christ Jesus.' 1 Pet. i. 21. " who by him do believe in God, that raised him up from the dead, and gave him glory; that your faith and hope might be in God." 1 John iv. 15. "whosoever shall confess that Jesus is the Son of God, God dwelleth in him, and he in God." v. 1. "whosoever believeth that Jesus is the Christ, is born of God." v. 5. "who is he that overcometh the world, but he that believeth that Jesus is the Son of God?" Finally, this is the faith proposed to us in the Apostles' Creed, the most ancient and universally received compendium of belief in the possession of the Church.*

CHAP. VI.-OF THE HOLY SPIRIT.

HAVING Concluded what relates to the Father and the Son, the next subject to be discussed is that of the Holy Spirit,

The following remarkable passage occurs in the Treatise of True Religion, &c., which was Milton's last publication, and did not appear till the year before his death: The Arian and Socinian are charged to dispute against the Trinity; yet they affirm to believe the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, according to Scripture and the Apostolic Creed. As for the terms of Trinity, Triunity, Coessentiality, Tripersonality, and the like, they reject them as scholastic notions, not to be found in Scripture.' Prose Works, II. 512.

inasmuch as this latter is called the Spirit of the Father and the Son. With regard to the nature of the Spirit, in what manner it exists, or whence it arose, Scripture is silent; which 18 a caution to us not to be too hasty in our conclusions on the subject. For though it be a Spirit, in the same sense in which the Father and Son are properly called Spirits; though we read that Christ by breathing on his disciples gave to them the Holy Ghost, or rather perhaps some symbol or pledge of the Holy Ghost, John xx. 22.-yet in treating of the nature of the Holy Spirit, we are not authorized to infer from such expressions, that the Spirit was breathed from the Father and the Son. The terms emanation and procession, employed by theologians on the authority of John xv. 26. do not relate to the nature of the Holy Spirit; the Spirit of truth, ὁ παρὰ τοῦ Πατρὸς ἐκπορεύεται, who proceedeth or goeth forth from the Father; which single expression is too slender a foundation for the full establishment of so great a mystery, especially as these words relate rather to the mission than to the nature of the Spirit; in which sense the Son also is often said λ0, which in my opinion may be translated either to go forth or to proceed from the Father, without making any difference in the meaning. Nay, we are even said "to live by every word (ex-Topevoμevy) that proceedeth, or goeth forth from the mouth of God," Matt. iv. 4. Since therefore the Spirit is neither said to be generated nor created, nor is any other mode of existence specifically attributed to it in Scripture, we must be content to leave undetermined a point on which the sacred writers have preserved so uniform a silence.

The name of Spirit is also frequently applied to God and angels, and to the human mind.® When the phrase, the Spirit of God, or the Holy Spirit, occurs in the Old Testa

5 This seems to be said in allusion to the controversies which arose between the Eastern and Western Churches on the subject of the spiration or procession of the Holy Ghost from the Father and the Son.

6 Sciunt, qui in Hebræis literis versati sunt, quam late pateat Spiritus nomen. Origine sua ventum significat; ob cujus subtilitatem, quæ visum fugit, ad alia transfertur: primum ad substantias; nam Deus, angeli boni malique, deinde ipse hominis animus eo vocabulo nuncupatur.' Grotius ad Luc. ix. 55. See also Glocester Ridley's First Sermon on the Divinity and Personality of the Holy Ghost, where he cautions against those grosser errors which arise from a confusion of kind.

ment, it is to be variously interpreted; sometimes it signifies God the Father himself, -as Gen. vi. 3. "my Spirit shall not alway strive with man ;" sometimes the power and virtue of the Father, and particularly that divine breath or influence by which every thing is created and nourished. In this sense many both of the ancient and modern interpreters understand the passage in Gen. i. 2. "the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters."7 Here, however, it appears to be used with reference to the Son, through whom the Father is so often said to have created all things. Job. xxvi. 13. "by his Spirit he hath garnished the heavens." xxvii. 3. "the Spirit of God is in my nostrils." xxxiii. 4. "the Spirit of God hath made me, and the breath of the Almighty hath given me life." Psal. civ. 30. "thou sendest forth thy Spirit, they are created." cxxxix. 7. "whither shall I go then from thy Spirit?" Ezek. xxxvii. 14. "I shall put my Spirit in you, and ye shall live." See also many other similar passages. Sometimes it means an angel.

Isai. xlviii. 16. "the Lord Jehovah and his Spirit hath sent me.' Ezek. iii. 12. "then the Spirit took me up." 998 See also v. 14, 24, &c.

Sometimes it means Christ, who according to the common opinion was sent by the Father to lead the Israelites into the land of Canaan. Isai. lxiii. 10, 11. “ they rebelled, and vexed his Holy Spirit.. where is he that put his Holy Spirit within them?"—that is, the angel to whom he transferred his own name, namely, Christ whom they tempted, Numb. xxi. 5. &c. compared with 1 Cor. x. 9.

Sometimes it means that impulse or voice of God by which the prophets were inspired. Nehem. ix. 30. " thou testifiedst against them by thy Spirit in thy prophets."

7 Milton seems to allude to the Rabbinical interpretation of this passage, which, following the opinion of some of the Fathers, explains the Spirit of God to mean τὴν δύναμιν διαπλαστικὴν, οι τὴν ἐνεργείαν ζωτικὴν, the creative or vivifying power. It seems extraordinary that Patrick should have chosen to adopt a mode of explanation nearly similar, and not less objectionable. 'This therefore we are to understand to be here meant; the infinite wisdom and power of God, which made a vehement commotion and mighty fermentation (by raising perhaps a great wind) upon the face of the waters.' So too Grotius.

The Spanish Jesuit Sanctius, and Pradus (In Ezechielem Explanationes, &c. Romæ 1596.) understand this passage in the sense attributed to it by Milton.

Sometimes it means that light of truth, whether ordinary or extraordinary, wherewith God enlightens and leads his people. Numb. xiv. 24. "my servant Caleb, because he had another Spirit within him-.' Nehem. ix. 20. "thou gavest also thy good Spirit to instruct them." Psal. li. 11, 12. "take not thy Holy Spirit from me.... renew a right Spirit within me." cxliii. 10. "6 thy Spirit is good; lead me into the land of uprightness." Undoubtedly neither David, nor any other Hebrew, under the old covenant, believed in the personality of that good and Holy Spirit, unless perhaps as an angel.'

More particularly, it implies that light which was shed on Christ himself. Isai. xi. 2. "the Spirit of Jehovah shall rest upon him, the Spirit of wisdom and understanding, the Spirit of counsel and might, the Spirit of knowledge and of the fear of Jehovah." xlii. 1. I have put my Spirit upon him," compared with Acts x. 38. "how God anointed Jesus of Nazareth with the Holy Ghost and with power.'

It is also used to signify the spiritual gifts conferred by God on individuals, and the act of gift itself. Gen. xli. 38. a man in whom the Spirit of God is." Numb. xi. 17, 25, 26, 29. "I will take of the Spirit which is upon thee, and will put it upon them." 2 Kings ii. 9. "I pray thee, let a double portion of thy Spirit be upon me." v. 15. "the Spirit of Elijah doth rest upon Elisha.”

Nothing can be more certain, than that all these passages, and many others of a similar kind in the Old Testament, were understood of the virtue and power of God the Father, inasmuch as the Holy Spirit was not yet given, nor believed in, even by those who prophesied that it should be poured forth in the latter times.

So likewise under the Gospel, what is called the Holy Spirit, or the Spirit of God, sometimes means the Father himself. Matt. i. 18, 20. "that which is conceived in her is of the Holy Ghost." Luke i. 35. "the Holy Ghost shall come upon thee, and the power of the Highest shall overshadow thee; therefore also that holy thing which shall be born of thee, shall be called the Son of God.”

Again, it sometimes means the virtue and power of the

9 See an elaborate refutation of the opinion that this doctrine was unknown before the Christian Revelation, n Ridley's Second Sermon on the Holy Ghost.