from his youth has been brought up among slaves is not more cruel than a stranger who is willing to undertake such a business, and as he is more skilful in his management of the labourers, he will get as much work out of them with less severity. The dealer in slaves and he who purchases them for the cultivation of new lands are probably much the same kind of men now as they were in Sicily under the Romans, though they are somewhat restrained by positive law and the better opinion of the society in which they live. Damophilus was a great slave-buyer, and a savage master. Men, who had been born free and had fallen into slavery and the hands of Damophilus, lived a life of misery, compared with which the condition of the homebred slave under a mild master and of the criminal whom we imprison is easy and tolerable. Every day this tyrant was whipping his men, and without any sufficient reason. He had a wife Megallis as bad as himself. She treated her women slaves cruelly, and the males too who came under her hands.

The slaves of Damophilus were infuriated against their master and mistress, and they determined to be revenged at any risk, for nothing could make their condition worse. They applied to Eunous to know if the gods would favour their enterprise. Eunous answered that they would, and advised them to begin immediately. They collected four hundred of their fellow-slaves, all armed; and led by Eunous spouting flames from his mouth, they surprised the town of Henna. The houses were broken open and many of the citizens killed. The slaves did not spare even infants at the breast. They tore the children from their mothers and dashed them on the ground. The women were abused before the eyes of their husbands. The number of the insurgents was increased by the town slaves, who after murdering their masters joined in the general massacre. Damophilus happened to be staying with Megallis at a villa near Henna, where they were seized by some slaves who had been sent after them from the town. The man and his wife were dragged with their hands tied and with every kind of insult to the town of Henna, and brought into the theatre, where a great number of the slaves were assembled. Damophilus made an attempt to save his

life by addressing the multitude, and he was producing some effect, when two men, Hermeias and Zeuxis, who detested him, cut his speech short without waiting for the decision of the assembly. One of them drove a sword through his body and the other chopped off his head with an axe. Eunous gave up Megallis to the women slaves, who tortured her and then pitched her down the rocks on which the town of Henna stood.

Damophilus had a daughter, a young woman of a gentle and compassionate nature. She used to soothe and comfort the poor wretches whom her father and mother flogged, and give food to those who were put in chains. All the slaves loved her, and at the time when her parents were murdered, not a man in this savage band thought of laying hands upon her. They were all ready to protect her from violence or insult, and selecting from their body those who were suitable for the purpose, among whom was Hermeias one of the murderers of the girl's father, they sent her safe to her relations at Catina (Catania).

Antigenes the master of Eunous perished in the massacre, and all the citizens of Henna who were caught, except the artizans who were armour-makers. These men were put in chains and compelled to work at their trade. Eunous was elected king by the slaves, not for his courage or ability to command, but only because of his juggling tricks and being the first to begin the outbreak. His name also, which signified the Benevolent, was considered a good omen. A slave insurrection against the power of Rome would under any circumstances have been a hopeless undertaking, but these men in Sicily ruined their cause as soon as they chose Eunous. There were many men far superior to himself, and the choice of the slaves proves that most of them were no wiser than their new master. Eunous being a Syrian took a name of the Syrian kings, and called himself Antiochus. He assumed the diadem and all the insignia of royalty. He gave the title and rank of queen to the Syrian woman with whom he lived, and to his new subjects the name of Syrians. Many of them were probably Syrian Greeks and natives of Syria, who had fallen into the hands of the Cilician pirates and had

been sold in Sicily. After this folly of Eunous we are surprised to hear that he formed a council of the wisest of his new subjects, among whom the chief was Achaeus, an Achaean by birth, a man of counsel and action too. If we can believe the story, this choice of Achaeus would prove Eunous to have had some sense. Achaeus was not pleased with the savage behaviour of the slaves, and he boldly expressed his opinion that they would soon bring on themselves signal vengeance. Eunous so far from being displeased at this freedom of speech gave Achaeus the property of his former master and made him his adviser. In three days Eunous had more than six thousand men, whom he armed as well as he could. He was joined by others who had only axes, slings and cutting hooks, pieces of wood hardened in the fire, and even spits from the kitchens. With this disorderly band he plundered all the island, destroying the very industry by which he and his men were supported. The history of all servile insurrections and of people as ignorant as slaves shows that if they were not checked, such men would destroy the accumulated savings of ages without ever thinking of producing, and would finally perish amidst the waste that they had made. Eunous was at last bold enough to encounter the Roman generals, and he often defeated them, says Diodorus. He had now above ten thousand men. The slaves improved on the Roman practice of cutting off prisoners' hands: they cut off their arms.

About the time of the massacre of Henna there was a rising of the slaves in another part of Sicily under Cleon a Cilician. The Sicilians hoped that the two slave leaders would quarrel and so they would be rid of both of them; but contrary to expectation Cleon submitted to Eunous, and served him as general with the five thousand slaves whom he had collected.

The narrative of Diodorus does not enable us to fix the time of this Sicilian outbreak with accuracy. Florus, whose single authority is worth nothing, says that four Roman praetors were defeated by the slaves and lost their camps. He names them Manilius, Lentulus, Piso and Hypsaeus. Diodorus speaks of the union of Cleon and Eunous taking

place about thirty days after the revolt, by which he probably means the massacre of Henna, for this was the real insurrection, though the country had been in a disturbed state some time before. Soon after the expiration of the thirty days the praetor L. Hypsaeus came from Rome, and raised a force of eight thousand men in Sicily; but he was defeated by the slaves who were now twenty thousand. After this success the numbers of the rebels increased and finally reached, as we are told, two hundred thousand; the meaning of which is that the number was very large and that all the field slaves of Sicily joined in the insurrection. In fact there is little doubt that except a few of the strong towns, the slaves were masters of the whole island. I find no means of determining in what year L. Hypsaeus was praetor of Sicily; nor do the fragments of Diodorus, which are copious as to the circumstances of the outbreak, give any information about the history of the struggle except its termination.

In B.C. 134 the consul C. Fulvius Flaccus, the colleague of P. Scipio Africanus, was sent to Sicily, but it is not known what he did. He was succeeded in the next year by the consul L. Calpurnius Piso Frugi, who took the town of Messana from the rebels, and killed eight thousand of them. Those whom he made prisoners were crucified. Piso was strict in his discipline. C. Titius, commander of the cavalry, being surrounded by a body of insurgents gave up his arms to save his life. The consul deprived Titius of his military rank and punished him ignominiously. He took their horses from the cavalry and transferred the men into the companies of the slingers.

It was probably about this time, though it is impossible to fix the dates accurately, that servile insurrections broke out in other parts of the Roman dominions. A conspiracy was formed at Rome by one hundred and fifty slaves. This rising was soon suppressed, but it was discovered that the conspiracy extended to other parts of Italy. Four hundred and fifty slaves were crucified at Minturnae. At Sinuessa Q. Metellus and Cn. Servilius Caepio, who were commissioned to check the insurrection, destroyed four thousand slaves. In Attica there was a revolt of the slaves who worked in the

silver mines of Laurium, but it was suppressed by Heraclitus to whom Orosius gives the name of praetor. At Delos too there was an attempt at a rising, but it was stopped. This small island in the middle of the Aegean had become a great market for the sale of slaves, which were brought there by the pirates of Cilicia and dealers from other parts. The slaves in Delos probably made an attempt to rise on the dealers and recover their liberty. Macedonia also is said to have been disturbed by servile tumults.

In B.C. 132 the consul P. Rupilius was sent into Sicily. He conducted the war with great vigour and success. His son-in-law Q. Fabius had by his carelessness lost the citadel of Tauromenium (Taormina), and the consul ordered him to quit the province. The two strong holds of the rebels were Tauromenium and Henna. The larger towns had probably been able to protect themselves against the insurgents. Tauromenium is on the east coast of Sicily between Messina and Catania. A steep ascent from the south leads up to a narrow ledge, which overhangs the sea and is the termination of a mountain range. This ledge is the site of Tauromenium. Still higher are two rocky peaks, between which the theatre was built. The highest peak is about fourteen hundred feet above the sea, and on it the antient impregnable citadel stood. From the site of the theatre the whole outline of Aetna with its snow-crowned summit is visible, and the coast to the south as far as Catania and even Syracuse. In front of the town the wide sea spreads out, and in the remote distance are dimly seen the coast and mountains of Calabria.

This strong place could only be taken by blockade, and accordingly the consul invested it completely. His ships prevented the enemy from receiving any supplies by sea. The slaves could expect no mercy from a Roman, and they held out till they were compelled to feed on human flesh, first on children, then on the women, and last on one another. Comanus a brother of Cleon commanded in Tauromenium. He attempted to make his escape, but was caught. The citadel was finally surrendered to the Romans by the treachery of a Syrian slave named Sarapion. All the slaves who were