read his Discourses might be able to draw from them that utility for which we ought to read history. The three books of the Discourses are entitled Discourses on the first Decade of Livy, but they refer to many matters which are not in the first ten books, to events both of antient and modern history. When Machiavelli speaks of Romulus and Numa, it is not to discuss the history of these two personages, but to expound the military and religious systems of Rome. He does not enter into learned discussions on Patricians and Plebeians, but he clearly explains the nature of the struggle between these two bodies. When he speaks of the superstitious practices of Rome, it is to show us the power of religious opinions, and how the belief of the people was used by their leaders for political purposes. He shows us the meaning of men's actions and of events by taking off the covering under which they are hid. His Discourses, as far as they go, are a practical commentary on Roman history; and Roman history is the matter of his disquisition, the storehouse of his examples, which he converts into useful lessons by teaching us to understand them. So much I have thought it just to say about a writer whom I have used for many years, and have often referred to in this work. As I have learned much from him I acknowledge my obligations; and because he has seldom been fairly judged, and often most foolishly and unjustly calumniated, I declare my conviction of the honesty of the man, and my admiration of his political lessons. The consequence of the fall of Carthage-The Roman dominion in Spain -The troubles which began in B.C. 154-The consul Q. Fulvius Nobilior sent to Spain, attacks the Belli and the Arevaci-The beginning of the Numantine war, and its character-The Celtiberi-The Lusitani and the campaign of L. Mummius-The consul M. Claudius Marcellus sent to Hispania Citerior-The foundation of Corduba-Resistance at Rome to the conscription for the Spanish war-Marcellus makes peace with the Celtiberi-The Spanish campaign of Lucullus B.C. 151; his cruelty, and Livy, Epit. 49; Appian, Hispanica, c. 58, &c.; Cicero, Brutus, c. 23; Ser. Sulpicius Galba in Spain defeated by the Lusitani-His massacre of the Lusitani, who had surrendered-The trial of Galba at Rome and his acquittal-The death of King Massinissa, and of M. Porcius Cato, the Censor-The enactment of the Lex Calpurnia de pecuniis repetundis 19 The campaign of C. Vetilius against the Lusitani-Viriathus becomes the commander of the Lusitani-Remarks on the site of Carteia and Appian's geography and history-C. Plautius sent to oppose Viriathus is defeated-Remarks on Frontinus, Orosius, and Florus-Q. Fabius Maximus Aemilianus is sent against Viriathus-The defeat by Viriathus of Clau- dius Unimanus-The authority of Appian-Plautius punished for his mis- Livy, Epit. 53, 54; Appian, Hispanica, c. 65, &c.; Diodorus, lib. 32; Excerpt. Phot.; Eutropius, iv. 16; Dion Cassius, Frag. 83. The prudent conduct of Q. Fabius Maximus Aemilianus-The consul Q. Caecilius Metellus is sent against the Celtiberi-Quintius conducts the war unsuccessfully against Viriathus-The vigour of the Roman adminis- tration in the hands of the Senate-The marriage of Viriathus-The campaign of the consul Q. Fabius Maximus Servilianus against Viriathus -The cruelty of Servilianus-He makes a treaty with Viriathus-Q. Servilius Caepio succeeds Servilianus, and begins again the war against Viriathus-Viriathus after being brought to great straits by Caepio is assassinated by some of his own men instigated by Caepio-The final sur- render of the Lusitani-The character of Viriathus; and Roman warfare Livy, Epit. 52, 53, 54; Polybius, 40. 8, &c.; Frontinus de Aquæ Duc- The tribune C. Licinius Crassus proposes a bill for the election of the |