The Decline of the Roman Republic

Gracchus-Fragments of one of his speeches-The old Leges Valeriae and
the Lex Sempronia of Caius Gracchus for securing Roman citizens against
arbitrary proceedings of the Senate-P. Popillius Laenas leaves Rome-
Fragment of a speech of Caius Gracchus.

PAGE

250

CHAPTER XIX.

CAIUS GRACCHUS TRIBUNE.

B.C. 123-121.

Livy, Epit. 60; Plutarch, Caius Gracchus; Appian, Civil Wars,

i. c. 21, &c.; Orosius, v. 12.

The Lex Frumentaria of C. Gracchus-The Lex Judiciaria-The Roman

Equites, the money class-A Roman Provintia-The Lex Sempronia de

Provinciis-Other Semproniae Leges-Caius Gracchus elected tribune a

second time--The Agrariae Leges of C. Gracchus, and the settlement of

Colonies-Caius makes roads and bridges in Italy-The tribune M.

Livius Drusus is employed by the Senate to oppose C. Gracchus-Pro-

posals for giving the citizenship to the dependencies of Rome--A law

made for the settlement of Carthage-C. Gracchus is appointed one of the

commissioners for the execution of the law-Caius returns to Rome: the

term of his second tribunate is ended and he is a private citizen-The

designs of the enemies of C. Gracchus to repeal some of his measures, and

the disturbances which followed-The consul L. Opimius prepares to

crush the party of Caius and M. Fulvius Flaccus-Both factions arm-The

insurgents under Flaccus occupy the Aventine, where they are defeated

and dispersed by L. Opimius-The death of Fulvius Flaccus and Caius

Gracchus-The nobility follow up their victory by putting to death many

of the opposite faction-Plutarch's lives of the Gracchi, and Cicero's

opinions about the Gracchi-The orations of the Gracchi, and the letters

of their mother Cornelia.

261

CHAPTER XX.

OPTIMATES AND POPULARES.

The nature of the opposition between the Patricians and the Plebeians,

and the result of it-Place and power acquired at Rome by the direct

action of the popular vote-The use made of place and power by those

who had them-The Publicani and the Negotiatores in the Provinces-

The Roman suffrage and the character of the electors-The Optimates

the Roman Commonwealth, its decline and ruin-The opinions of Poly-

Livy, Epit. 61; Strabo, iv. 179; Diodorus, 604; Orosius, v. 13, 14.

The reason why the Romans fixed themselves in Spain sooner than in

France-The connexion between the Romans and Massilia-The origin of

Massilia and the constitution of this Phocaean colony-Pytheas and his

voyages-The settlements of Massilia on the French and Spanish coasts--

The Ligurians who bordered on the possessions of Massilia-The Greek

alphabet introduced into Gallia by the Massaliots-The inquiries of

Scipio about Britannia-The voyage of P. Crassus to the Cassiterides-

C. Sextius Calvinus defeats the Salyes and settles Aquae Sextiae-The

Aedui and the Arverni-The defeat of the Allobroges by Cn. Domitius at

the Sorgues-The defeat of the Arverni on the Rhone by Q. Fabius

Maximus-Bituitus king of the Arverni and his son are made prisoners-

A great eruption of Aetna

PAGE

301

CHAPTER XXII.

THE SETTLEMENT OF NARBO.

B.C. 120-112.

Livy, Epit. 61, 62, 63; Sallust, Bellum Jugurthinum; Plutarch, Caius
Marius; Orosius, v. 15; Polybius, 6, 56; Appian, De Rebus Gal-
licis, xiii.

Prosecution of L. Opimius-Prosecution of C. Papirius Carbo by L.

Licinius Crassus-Roman superstition-The tribunate of C. Marius, and

his law to secure the freedom of voting-Destruction by the Romans of

the Alpine Stoeni-The settlement of Narbo in Gallia-The establishment

of Gallia Provincia and its limits-The death of King Micipsa and his

disposition of the Numidian Kingdom among his two sons Adherbal and

Hiempsal and his nephew Jugurtha-Jugurtha murders Hiempsal, and

Adherbal flies to Rome-Jugurtha sends commissioners to Rome and

buys support in the Senate-The address of Adherbal to the Roman

Senate-Ten Roman commissioners are sent to Africa: they divide Mi-

cipsa's kingdom between Jugurtha and Adherbal-L. Caecilius Metellus

and his triumph over the Dalmatae-C. Marius is prosecuted for bribery

when he was a candidate for the praetorship-The meaning of the Roman

term Ambitus-The consul M. Aemilius Scaurus-The censorship of L.

Caecilius Metellus Dalmaticus and Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus - The

story of Helvia-C. Marius in Spain-The Scordisci and the failure of the

expedition of C. Porcius Cato against them—The prosecution of three

Vestals-The prosecution and acquittal of M. Antonius-Human sacri-

fices at Rome-The opinion of Polybius on Roman superstition-The

prosecution of C. Porcius Cato-Cn. Papirius Carbo is sent to oppose the

Cimbri or Teutones-His disgraceful defeat-M. Livius Drusus and the

PAGE

Appian, Civil Wars, i. c. 27; Das Ackergesetz des Spurius Thorius,
von Rudorff, Zeitschrift für Geschichtliche Rechtswissenschaft, Band x.
Agrarian enactments after the death of C. Gracchus-The Lex Boria

and the Lex Thoria-The fragments of the bronze tablet which contain a

part of the Lex Thoria-The public land in Italy is the subject of the first

part of the Lex Thoria-The regulations of the Thoria as to this land-

The Roman Ager Compascuus-The Nomen Latinum and the Italian

Socii

351

CHAPTER XXIV.

THE THORIA LEX; THE PROVINCE AFRICA.

The African territory of Carthage-The country of the Numidae-The

encroachments of Massinissa on the Carthaginian territory after the

second Punic War-The dishonest behaviour of the Romans in the matter

of Massinissa and the Carthaginians-The extent of the Numidian king-

dom at the time of Massinissa's death-The disposition of the Cartha-

ginian territory after the destruction of Carthage-The arrangements of

the Lex Thoria with respect to the public land in the Roman province

Africa
. 369

CHAPTER XXV.

THE THORIA LEX; THE CORINTHIAN TERRITORY;

АСНАЕА.

The settlement of Hellas after the destruction of Corinth-The land of

Corinth was declared to be the property of the Roman State-The

arrangements of the Lex Thoria with respect to the Corinthian territory

-The political condition of Greece after the destruction of Corinth-The

settlement of the province Achaea

380

CHAPTER XXVI.

THE WAR WITH JUGURTHA.

B.C. 117-110.

Livy, Epit. 62, 64; Sallust, Bellum Jugurthinum; Orosius, v. 15.

The Jugurthine War of Sallust, and the authorities that Sallust

followed-Jugurtha provokes Adherbal to war-Adherbal is shut up

in Cirta and besieged by Jugurtha-The Romans send commissioners

to Adherbal and Jugurtha-The commissioners do nothing-The site

of Cirta-Adherbal sends messengers to Rome during the siege of

Cirta-The Romans again send commissioners, who see Jugurtha

and return without doing any thing-Cirta is surrendered to Ju-

gurtha and Adherbal is put to death-The Romans send the consul

L. Calpurnius Bestia with an army to Numidia-The time of the

surrender of Cirta-The negotiations of Jugurtha with Bestia-The

situation of Vaga or Vacca-Jugurtha comes to terms with Bestia, who

leaves Numidia for the elections at Rome-The Romans are dissatisfied

with the terms of peace made with Jugurtha-The tribune L. Memmius

excites the people against the nobility-Jugurtha comes to Rome under a

promise of safe conduct-He appears before the assembly of the people

and refuses to answer about his negotiations with Bestia-Jugurtha pro-

cures the assassination of the Numidian Massiva who is at Rome, and he

is ordered by the Senate to quit Italy-The consul Spurius Albinus is

sent against Jugurtha, but he does nothing-He returns from Numidia

to Rome for the elections, leaving his brother Aulus in the command of

the Roman army- Aulus Albinus with his army surrenders to Jugurtha-

Suthul and Calama-Spurius Albinus returns to Africa-The bill of

Mamilius for trying the men who had negotiated with Jugurtha-The

dexterity of Scaurus--The trials under the Mamilia Lex-The case of

THE WAR WITH JUGURTHA.

B.C. 109.

Livy, Epit. 65; Sallust, Bellum Jugurthinum.

Q. Caecilius Metellus takes the command of the Roman army in Africa
-He restores discipline among the soldiers, and attempts to procure the
assassination of Jugurtha-C. Marius is one of the legati-Metellus places
a garrison in Vaga-The fight between Metellus and Jugurtha near the
river Muthul-Rejoicings at Rome for the success of Metellus-Jugurtha
harasses Metellus, who determines to attack Zama, one of the strong
places belonging to Jugurtha-Marius is sent to Sicca to get corn-The

site of Sicca and of Zama-Metellus fails in his attack on Zama, and
Metellus retires into the Province Africa to winter-Metellus attempts to
induce Bomilcar to murder Jugurtha-Jugurtha gives up to Metellus
money, elephants, arms, and some deserters-The cruel punishment of the
deserters by Metellus-Jugurtha refuses to complete the surrender to
Metellus, and resolves to continue the war

CHAPTER XXVIII.

THE WAR WITH JUGURTHA.

B.C. 111-108.

Livy, Epit. 65; Strabo, v. 217; Sallust, Bell. Jug.; Plutarch, Marius;

Velleius, ii. 11.

A great fire at Rome-The Sumptuary law of P. Licinius Crassus
Dives-The defeat of M. Junius Silanus by the Cimbri-The campaign of
M. Minucius Rufus against the Scordisci-The censorship of M. Aemilius
Scaurus-He makes a road from Pisae to Vada Sabbata and from Vada
Sabbata to Dertona; he also drains the marshes in the neighbourhood of
Parma-Scaurus decorates Rome.

During the winter an haruspex at Utica encourages the ambition of

Marius-The birth and parentage of Marius-The slowness of his advance-

ment-Marius wishes to be a candidate for the consulship-The arrogance

of Metellus towards Marius-The intrigues of Marius with the Italian

merchants at Utica and with the African army-Gauda the son of Manas-

tabal and the intrigues of Marius with him—The people of Vaga massacre

all the Roman garrison in their town except the commander T. Turpilius

Silanus-Metellus surprises Vaga and plunders it-T. Turpilius Silanus

is tried and executed-Bomilcar and Nabdalsa conspire to murder

Jugurtha, who discovers the conspiracy, and puts Bomilcar to death-

Metellus permits Marius to go to Rome to stand for the consulship—

Marius is elected consul-Jugurtha retires to Thala, and Metellus follows