endued him with a rational soul, re- 26-31. and ii. Psalm viii. 4-7. sembling himself in knowledge, righ-|| teousness, and holiness: for his exercise and refreshment he placed him in the garden of Eden, to keep and cultivate it. Though his most perfect obedience was due to his Maker, and could properly merit no valuable reward, God, in rich condescension and grace, made a covenant with him, importing, that upon condition of his .perfect obedience to every precept of the divine law, he and all his posterity should be rewarded with happiness and life, natural, spiritual, and eternal; but in case of failure, should be subjected to the contrary death, to which he consented. This, to be sure, was the shortest, easiest, and most probable method of securing happiness to mankind. Adam too was the fittest person, and lay under the strongest obligations to perform the condition. To render him the more attentive, to keep him mindful of his fallible nature, and that his happiness consisted only in the enjoyment of God, to try his obedience in the easiest point of indifference, he was prohibited, under pain of immediate death, to eat of the fruit of a certain TREE. Rom. v. 12-19. That very day, or On the same day God constituted him lord of the fish, fowls, cattle, and creeping things, vegetables, and other things on the earth: the fowls, cattle, and creeping things, he convened be-had given him for an assistant and fore Adam as his vassals; and Adam comfort. Eve blamed the serpent as marked his wisdom and authority in her deceiver. After passing a senassigning to each its proper name.— tence of ruin upon Satan and his None of these animals being a fit agents, by means of the Seed of the companion for Adam, God cast him woman, and of affliction of the serinto a deep sleep, took a piece of flesh, pent, the instrument of his deceit or a rib, from his side, without the of sorrow, painful child birth, and least pain, and formed it into the body || further subjection to her husband, on of a most beautiful woman: Her too the woman and her female offspring; he endued with a reasonable soul, and God threatened Adam and his whole brought her to Adam, who received posterity with a curse on their fields; her with the utmost affection as his with scanty crops; with sorrow and wife. There being no inclemency in toil; and finally, with death and a the air, no irregularity in their na- return to dust. ture, they went both naked; and were neither hurt nor ashamed, Genesis i. ; The threatening on Satan implied a promise of mercy and redemption to mankind by the blood of God's the earth, by the overshadowing inSon: God therefore now instructed fluence of the Holy Ghost. He is Adam and his wife in the manner the glorious fruit of the earth; the and signification of typical sacrifices. product of the chief counsels of God, To mark their degrading of them- and the ornament and centre of all selves to the rank of beasts by sin, and his works. He is the head and redenote their recovery by the imputed presentative of his people in the serighteousness of the great atonement,cond and last covenant: he is their God clothed them with the skins of common parent, who communicates sacrificed animals. To testify his to them his spiritual image, and endispleasure with sin, and prevent titles them to all the fulness of God: their vain attempts to procure happi- he is their great prophet, priest, and ness and immortality by eating of the governor. All things, without retree of life, God expelled them from serve, are subjected to him for their Eden, to cultivate the fields eastward, sake. Having by his blood regained. whence their body had been formed. the celestial paradise, he resides in it, The symbols of the divine presence and cultivates the whole garden of his hovered on the east of the garden; church; and hath, and gives men, some angels, and perhaps some fiery power to eat of the tree of life. Bemeteor there placed, rendered it im-ing, by the determinate counsel of possible for mankind to re-enter.—|| God, cast into the deep sleep of deJust before his expulsion Adam had basement and death, his church, in called his wife EvE, because she was her true members, was formed out of to be the common mother of men, his broken body and pierced side :particularly of these appointed to divinely is she espoused to him; and everlasting life. Now he knew her, to her he cleaves, at the expence of and she conceived and bare CAIN, once leaving his Father in heaven, and soon after ABEL. These Adam and now leaving his mother the taught to sacrifice to the Lord; but church and nation of Judah, 1 Cor. both in the issue proved to their pa-xv. 22, 45-49. rents a source of trouble and grief.— Soon after the death of Abel, Adam, in the 130th year of his age, had Seth born to him he had besides a great many other children. After he had lived 930 years he died. : A number of fancies concerning him are reported by Heathen and Jewish writers: but he is represented in scripture as a covenant-breaker; as a coverer of his transgressions; as a source of guilt and death to all his posterity; and as a figure of the promised Messiah, Gen. iii. iv. and v. Hos. vii. 6. Job xxxi. 33. Rom. v. 12-19. 1 Corinth. xv. 21, 22, 45 --49. ADAM, ADAMAH, ADAMI, a city pertaining to the tribe of NAFTALI. It was situated near the south end of the sea of Tiberias: just by it the waters of Jordan stood as an heap till the Hebrews passed over, Joshua iii. 16. and xix. 33, 36. Perhaps Adami was a different city from Adamah. ADAMAH, or ADMAH, the most easterly of the four cities destroyed by fire and brimstone from heaven. Some think the Moabites built a city of that name near to where the other had stood, Gen. xiv. 2. Deut. xxix. 23. To be made as Admah, and set as Zeboim, is to be made a distinguished monument of the fearful vengeance of God, Hos. xi. 8. Jesus Christ is called the second ADAM, because of his similitude to ADAMANT, the same precious the first. He is in a peculiar man-stone which we call a diamond. It is ner the Son of God, the express image the hardest and the most valuable of of his person, and brightness of his gems. It is of a fine pellucid subglory. He is a new thing created in stance; is never fouled by any mixVOL. I. E of a diamond; their corrupt inclinations were deep rooted and fixed in their heart; and all their crimes were indelibly marked by God, Jer. xvii. 1. ADAMITES, à sort of heretics of the second age. The author of this sect was one Prodicus, a disciple of Car Adamites, pretending to the innocence of Adam, whose nakedness they imitated in their churches, which they called Paradise. Community of ture of coarse matter; but is ready to receive an elegant tinge from metalline particles: Being rubbed with a soft substance it shines in the dark; but its lustre is checked if in the open air any thing stop its communication with the sky. It gives fire with steel, but does not ferment with acid menstruums. No fire, except the concen-pocrates; they assumed the title of trated heat of the solar rays, have the least impression on it; and even that affects but its weakest parts. Some diamonds are found in Brasil, but those of the East Indies, in the king-women was one of their principal tedoms of Golconda, Visapour, Bengal, and the Isle of Borneo, are the best. We know of no more than four mines of diamond in India. That of Gani or Coulour, about seven days journey east of Golconda, seems the most noted. About 60,000 persons work in it. The goodness of diamonds consists in their water or colour, lus-bly, they drove him, as the phrase tre and weight. The most perfect colour is the whitish. Their defects are veins, flaws, specks of red or black sand; and a bluish or yellowish cast. nets; they lived, or made a shew of living, in solitude and continency, condemning the state of matrimony; and when any of them were guilty of any particular crimes, such an one they called Adam, and that he had eaten of the forbidden fruit; and when they expelled him from their assem was, out of Paradise. This heresy was renewed in these last ages by one Picard, a native of Flanders, who re tired into Bohemia, where he introduced this sect. There were some in Poland and England who were followers of it; and the modern Adamites are said to hold their assemblies in the night time, and to observe these rules exactly, Swear, Forswear, and reveal not the secret.* [a] The finest diamonds now in the world are, that of the late king of France, Lewis XVI. weighing 136 3-4ths caracts that of the duke of Tuscany, weighing 136 1-2 caracts, and worth 868,328 dols. 89 cts: that of the Great Mogul, weighing 279 1-2 caracts, and worth 3,463,306 dols. 66 *In the various accounts given of this cents that of a certain merchant, unfortunate and fanatic sect of people, we weighing 242 1-3 caracts. There was find the following observations in Moalso, one in the French crown that sheim's Ecclesiastical History, vol. iii. p. weighed 106 caracts. The adamant 449; and though it be rather deviating from the plan of this work, we think them or diamond was the third jewel in the sufficiently interesting to be taken notice second row of the high-priest's breast-of; more especially as there appears to be plate, Exodus xxviii. 18. Ezekiel's a sect somewhat similar in principle to the forehead was made like an adamant; Adamites, now taking its rise in one or he was endued with undaunted bold-more of our sister states. We take it as a maxim not to be easily controverted, that ness in declaring God's message to the more error is exposed, the less liable the Jews, Ezek. iii. 9. Wicked men's people are to fall into it. hearts are as an adamant, Zech. vii. The Brethren and Sisters of the free 12: neither broken by the threaten-spirit (who were called, in Germany, Begings and judgments of God; nor hards, or Schwestriones, and in France, melted by his promises, invitations Turelupins, and whose distinctive charac ter was a species of mysticism that borand mercies. The sin of Judah was dered upon frenzy) wandered about in a written with a pen of iron, and point secret and disguised manner in several ADAR, the 12th month of the [] there was a second Adar added, conJewish ecclesiastic year, and the 6th sisting of thirty days. of their civil. It had twenty-nine days, To ADD. (1.) To join or put to, and answered to our February and Deut. iv. 2. (2.) To increase, Prov. part of March. On the third day of xvi. 23. (3.) To bestow, Gen. xxx. it, the second temple was finished and 24. (4.) To proceed to utter, Deut. dedicated, Ezra, vi. 15. On the sev. 22. They added nothing to me :— venth, the Jews fast for the death of they gave me no new information or Moses on the thirteenth, they com- authority which I had not before, memorate the fast of ESTHER and Gal. ii. 6. To add sin to sin, is to Mordecai: on the fourteenth, they ob- continue and become more open and serve the feast of PURIM, Esther iv. active in the practice of it, Isa. xxx. and ix. 17. On the twenty-fifth, they || 1. To add to faith virtue; and to commemorate the release of JEHOI- virtue knowledge, &c. is more and ACHIN, Jer. lii. 31. Every third YEAR more to exercise and abound in all the parts of France, Germany, and Flanders, and particularly in Suabia and Switzerland, where they spread the contagion of their enthusiasm, and caught the unwary in their snares. The search, however, that was made after them was so strict and well-conducted, that few of the teachers and chiefs of this fanatical sect escaped the hands of the inquisitors. When the war between the Hussites and the votaries of Rome broke out in Bohemia in the year 1418, a troop of these fanatics, with a person at their head whose name was JOHN, repaired thither, and held secret assemblies, first at Prague, and afterwards in different places, from whence they, at length, retired to a certain island, where they were less exposed to the notice of their enemies. It was, as we have already had occasion to observe, one of the leading principles of this sect, that the tender instincts of nature, with that bashfulness and modesty that generally accompany them, were evident marks of inherent corruption, and shewed, that the mind was not sufficiently purified nor rendered conformable to the divine nature, from whence it derived its origin. And they alone were deemed perfect by these fanatics, and supposed to be united to the Supreme Being, who could behold, without any emotion, the naked bodies of the sex to which they did not belong, and who, in imitation of what was practised before the fall by our first parents, went stark naked, and conversed familiarly in this manner with males and females, without feeling any of the tender propensities of nature. Hence it was that the Beghards, (whom the Bohemians, by a change in the pronunciation of that word, called Picards) when they came into their religious assemblies, and were present at the celebration of the divine worship, appeared absolutely naked, without any sort of veil or covering at ail. They had also constantly in their mouths a maxim, which indeed, was very suitable to the genius of the religion they professed, viz. that THEY WERE NOT FREE (i. e. sufficiently extricated from the shackles of the body) who made use of the garments, particularly such garments as covered the thighs and the parts adjacent. These horrible tenets could not but cast a deserved reproach upon this absurd sect; and though nothing passed in their religious assemblies that was contrary to the rules of virtue, yet they were universally suspected of the most scandalous incontinence, and of the most lascivious practices. ZISKA, the austere general of the Hussites, gave credit to these suspicions, and to the rumours they occasioned, and, falling upon this miserable sect in the year 1421, he put some to the sword, and condemned the rest to the flames, which dreadful punishment they sustained with the most cheerful fortitude, and also with that contempt of death that was peculiar to their sect, and which they possessed in a degree that seems to surpass credibility. Among the various titles by which these extravagant enthusiasts were distinguished, that of Adamitee was one; and it was given them on account of their being so studions to imitate the state of innocence in which the first man was originally created. The ignominious term of Beghards, or Picards, which was at first peculiar to the small sect of which we now treat, was afterwards applied to the Ilassites, and to all the Bohemians who opposed the tyranny of the Roman church. All these were called by their enemies, and indeed by the multitude in general, Picard friars." graces of the divine Spirit, and the virtues of an holy conversation in their proper connection, 2 Péter i. 5-7. ADDER, a venomous animal, brought forth alive, not by eggs. It is considerably smaller and shorter than the snake, and has black spots on its back; its belly is quite blackish: it is often called a viper. We find the word ADDER five times in our translation, but I suppose always without warrant from the original. Shepiphon, Gen. xlix. 17. is probably the blood-snake, a serpent of the colour of sand, which lurks in it, and in the tracks of wheels on the road, and, especially if trampled upon, gives a sudden and dangerous bite. Pethen, Psal. Iviii. 4. and xci. 13. and cxl. 3. signifies an ASP. Tziphoni, Prov. xxiii. 32. signifies that dreadful serpent called the Basilisk. gular number. The Jews, who either out of respect or superstition, do not pronounce the name of Jehovah, read Adonai in the room of it, as often as they meet with Jehovah in the Hebrew text. But the ancient Jews were not so nice: there is no law which forbids them to pronounce the name of God. [a] ADONĪBEZEK, the king of ВEZEK. Just before Joshua entered the land of Canaan, Adonibezek had waged a furious war with his neighbouring kings; seventy of them he had taken captives; and, cutting off their thumbs and great toes, had caused them, like dogs, to feed on the crumbs that fell from his table. After Joshua's death, the tribes of Judah and Simeon, finding themselves pent up by the Canaanites, resolved to clear their cantons of these accursed nations: among others they fell upon Adonibezek; took his capital, and made himself prisoner; and cut of his thumbs and great toes: he thereupon acknowledged the just vengeance of Heaven upon him, for his cruelty toward his fellow princes. brought him along with them to Jerusalem, where he died about A. M. 2570, Judg. i. 4—7. They ADONIJAH, was the fourth son of king David, born at Hebron. When his two elder brothers Amnon and Absalom were dead, and Chileab perhaps weak and inactive, and his father languished under the infirmities of old age, Adonijah attempted to seize the kingdom of Israel for himself.He prepared himself a magnificent equipage of horses and horsemen, and fifty men to run before him: this displeased not his father. His To ADMONISH; to instruct; warn; reprove, 1 Thess. v. 14. The admonition of the Lord is instruction, warning, and reproof, given in the Lord's name from his word, in a way becoming his perfections, and intended for his honour, Eph. vi. 4. Here-interest at court waxed powerful.tics are to be rejected, or cast out of the church, after a first and second admonition, i. e. solemn warning and reproof it. iii. 10. JOAB the general of the forces, ABIATHAR the high priest, and others, were of his party; though Benaiah, Zadok, and Nathan the prophet, and ADONAI, is one of the names of the most of the mighty men, were God. This word signifies properly not. To introduce himself to the my lords, in the plural number, as throne, he prepared a splendid enterAdoni signifies my lord, in the sin-tainment at ENROGEL to this he in |