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not be displeased if I escape the punishment which you have decreed for me unheard. If you have discharged the arrows of criticism against an innocent man, you must rejoice to find they have missed him, or have not been pointed so as to wound him.

"To talk no longer in allegory, I am, with all deference, going to offer a few observations in defence of my Latin, which you have found fault with.

"You think I should have used spei prima, instead of spei altera. Spes is, indeed, often used to express something on which we have a future dependence, as in Virg. Eclog. i. 1. 14.

modo namque gemellos

Spem gregis, ah! silice in nudâ connxia reliquit :' and in Georg. iii. 1. 473,

'Spemque gregemque simul,

for the lambs and the sheep. Yet it is also used to express anything on which we have a present dependence, and is well applied to a man of distinguished influence, our support, our refuge, our præsidium, as Horace calls Maecenas. So, Eneid xii. 1. 57, Queen Amata addresses her sonin-law, Turnus: Spes tu nunc una: and he was then no future hope, for she adds,

Te penes;

decus imperiumque Latini

which might have been said of my Lord Bute some years ago. Now I consider the present Earl of Bute to be Excelsæ familiæ de Bute spes prima; and my Lord Mountstuart, as his eldest son, to be 'spes altera.' So in Æneid xii. 1. 168, after having mentioned Pater Æneas, who was the present spes, the reigning spes, as my German friends would say, the spes prima, the poet adds,

'Et juxta Ascanius, magnæ spes altera Romæ.' "You think altera ungrammatical, and you tell me it should have been alteri. You must recollect, that in old times alter was declined regularly; and when the ancient fragments preserved in the Juris Civilis Fontes were written, it was certainly declined in the way that I use it. This, I should think, may protect a lawyer who writes altera in a dissertation upon part of his own science. But as I could hardly venture to quote fragments of old law to so classical a man as Mr. Johnson, I have not made an accurate search into these remains, to find examples of what I am able to produce in poetical composition. We find in Plaut. Rudens, act iii. scene 4,'Nam huic altera patria quæ sit profecto nescio. Plautus is, to be sure, an old comic writer; but in the days of Scipio and Lelius, we find Terent. Heautontim. act ii. scene 3,

hoc ipsa in itinere altera' Dum narrat, forte audivi.'

"You doubt my having authority for using genus absolutely, for what we call family, that is, for illustrious extraction. Now I take genus in Latin, to have much the same signification with birth in English: both in their primary meaning expressing simply descent, but both made to stand za ox, for noble descent. Genus is thus used in Hor. lib. ii. Sat. v. 1. 8,

Et genus et virtus, nisi cum re, vilior alga est.'

And in lib. i. Epist. vi. l. 37,—

'Et genus et formam Regina pecunia donat.' And in the celebrated contest between Ajax and Ulysses, Ovid's Metamorph. lib. xiii. 1.

140,

'Nam genus et proavos, et quæ non fecimus ipsi,
Vix ea nostrâ voco,'

"Homines nullius originis,' for nullis ort majoribus,' or 'nullo loco nati,' is, 'you are afraid, barbarous,'

"Origo is used to signify extraction, as in Virg. Æneid i. 286,

'Nascetur pulchrâ Trojanus origine Cæsar. And in Æneid x. 1. 618,

'Ille tamen nostrâ deducit origine nomen ; and as nullus is used for obscure, is it not in the genius of the Latin language to write nullius originis, for obscure extraction?

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I have defended myself as well as I could. Might I venture to differ from you with regard to the utility of vows? I am sensible that it would be very dangerous to make vows rashly, and without a due consideration. But I cannot help thinking that they may often be of great advantage to one of a variable judgment and irregular inclinations. I always remember a passage in one of your letters to our Italian friend, Baretti; where, talking of the monastic life, you say you do not wonder that serious men should put themselves under the protection of a religious order, when they have found how unable they are to take care of themselves. For my own part, without affecting to be a Socrates, I am sure I have a more than ordinary struggle to maintain with the Evil principle; and all the methods I can devise are little enough to keep me tolerably steady in the paths of rectitude. "I am ever, with the highest veneration, "Your affectionate humble servant, "JAMES BOSWELL.'

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It appears from Johnson's diary, that he was this year at Mr. Thrale's, from before Midsummer till after Michaelmas, and that he afterwards passed a month at Oxford. He had then contracted a great intimacy with Mr. Chambers of that University, afterwards Sir Robert Chambers, one of the judges in India.

He published nothing this year in his own name; but the noble dedication [*] to the King, of Gwyn's "London and Westminster Improved,' was written by him; and he furnished the preface, [t] and several of the pieces, which compose a volume of Miscellanies by Mrs. Anna Williams, the blind lady who had an asylum in his house. Of these, there are his "Epitaph on

the end of the year 1736) the following account of this In a paper already mentioned, (see p. 16, and near publication is given by a lady (Lady Knight) well acquainted with Mrs. Williams:

lish them; the half-crowns she had got towards the pub"As to her poems, she many years attempted to pub. lication, she confessed to me, went for necessaries, and that the greatest pain she ever felt was from the appear. ance of defrauding her subscribers: But what can I do? the Doctor [Johnson] always puts me off with 'Well, we'll think about it,' and Goldsmith says, Leave it to me.' However two of her friends, under her directions, made

Phillips;" [*] "Translation of a Latin Epitaph on Sir Thomas Hanmer;"[t] "Friendship, an Ode;" [*] and, "The Ant," [*] a paraphrase from the Proverbs, of which I have a copy in his own handwriting; and, from internal evidence, I ascribe to him, "To Miss on her giving the Author a gold and silk net-work Purse of her own weaving;"[t] and "The Happy Life."[t] Most of the pieces in this volume have evidently received additions from his superior pen, particularly "Verses to Mr. Richardson, on his "Sir Charles Grandison;""The Excursion;""Reflections on a Grave digging in Westminster Abbey." There is in this collection a poem, "On the Death of Stephen Grey, the Electrician," [*] which, on reading it, appeared to me to be undoubtedly Johnson's. I asked Mrs. Williams whether it was not his. "Sir," said she, with some warmth, "I wrote that poem before I had the honour of Dr. Johnson's acquaintance." I, however, was so much impressed with my first notion, that I mentioned it to Johnson, repeating, at the same time, what Mrs. Williams had said. His answer was, "It is true, Sir, that she wrote it before she was acquainted with me; but she has not told you that I wrote it all over again, except two lines." "The Fountains," [1] a beautiful little fairy tale in prose, written with exquisite simplicity, is one of Johnson's productions; and I cannot withhold from Mrs. Thrale the praise of being the author of that admirable poem, The Three Warnings."

He wrote this year a letter, not intended for publication, which has, perhaps, as strong marks of his sentiment and style, as any of his compositions. The original is in my possession. It is addressed to the late Mr. William Drummond, bookseller, in Edinburgh, a gentleman of good family, but small estate, who took arms for the house of Stuart in 1745; and during his concealment in London till the act of general pardon came out, obtained the acquaintance of Dr. Johnson, who justly esteemed him as a very worthy man. It seems, some of the members of the Society in Scotland for propagating Christian knowledge had opposed the scheme of translating the Holy Scriptures into the Erse or Gaelic language, from political considerations of the disadvantage of keeping up the distinction between the Highlanders and the other inhabitants of North Britain. Dr. Johnson being informed of this, I suppose by Mr. Drummond, wrote, with a generous indignation, as follows:

66 TO MR. WILLIAM DRUMMOND.

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Johnson's-court, Fleet-street, "SIR, Aug. 13, 1766. "I did not expect to hear that it could be, in an assembly convened for the propagation of Christian knowledge, a question whether any

a new subscription at a crown, the whole price of the work, and in a very little time raised sixty pounds. Mrs. Carter was applied to by Mrs. Williams's desire, and she with the utmost activity and kindness, procured a long list of names. At length the work was published, in which is a fine written, but gloomy tale of Dr. Johnson. The money Mrs. Williams had various uses for, and a part of it was funded."-BOSWELL.

By this publication Mrs. Williams got £150.-MALONE.

nation uninstructed in religion should receive instruction; or whether that instruction should be imparted to them by a translation of the holy books into their own language. If obedience to the will of GOD be necessary to happiness, and knowledge of his will be necessary to obedience, I know not how he that withholds this knowledge, or delays it, can be said to love his neighbour as himself. He that voluntarily continues ignorance, is guilty of all the crimes which ignorance produces; as to him that should extinguish the tapers of a lighthouse, might justly be imputed the calamities of shipwrecks. Christianity is the highest perfection of humanity; and as no man is good but as he wishes the good of others, no man can be good in the highest degree, who wishes not to others the largest measures of the greatest good. To omit for a year, or for a day, the most efficacious method of advancing Christianity, in compliance with any purposes that terminate on this side of the grave, is a crime of which I know not that the world has yet had an example, except in the practice of the planters of America, a race of mortals whom, I suppose, no other man wishes to resemble.

"The Papists have, indeed, denied to the laity the use of the Bible; but this prohibition, in few places now very rigorously enforced, is defended by arguments which have for their foundation the care of souls. To obscure, upon motives merely political, the light of revelation, is a practice reserved for the reformed; and, surely, the blackest midnight of Popery is meridian sunshine to such a reformation. I am not very willing that any language should be totally extinguished. The similitude and derivation of languages afford the most indubitable proof of the traduction of nations, and the genealogy of mankind. They add often physical certainty to historical evidence; and often supply the only evidence of ancient migrations, and of the revolutions of ages which left no written monuments behind them.

"Every man's opinions, at least his desires, are a little influenced by his favourite studies. My zeal for languages may seem, perhaps, rather overheated, even to those by whom I desire to be well esteemed. To those who have nothing in their thoughts but trade or policy, present power, or present money, I should not think it necessary to defend my opinions; but with men of letters I would not unwillingly compound, by wishing the continuance of every language, however narrow in its extent, or however incommodious for common purposes, till it is reposited in some version of a known book, that it may be always hereafter and then permitting its disuse. For this purpose examined and compared with other languages, It is not certain that the same method will not the translation of the Bible is most to be desired. of learning, and abolish it from daily use. preserve the Highland language, for the purposes the Highlanders read the Bible, they will naturally wish to have its obscurities cleared, and to know the history, collateral or appendant. Knowledge always desires increase; it is like fire, which must first be kindled by some external agent, but which will afterwards propagate itself. When they once desire to learn, they will naturally have recourse to the nearest language by which that desire can

When

be gratified; and one will tell another that if he would attain knowledge, he must learn English. "This speculation may, perhaps, be thought more subtle than the grossness of real life will easily admit. Let it, however, be remembered, that the efficacy of ignorance has long been tried, and has not produced the consequence expected. Let knowledge, therefore, take its turn; and let the patrons of privation stand awhile aside, and admit the operation of positive principles.

"You will be pleased, Sir, to assure the worthy man who is employed in the new translation,* that he has my wishes for his success; and if here or at Oxford I can be of any use, that I shall think it more than honour to promote his undertaking. "I am sorry that I delayed so long to write. "I am, Sir, your most humble servant, "SAM. JOHNSON."

The opponents of this pious scheme being made ashamed of their conduct, the benevolent undertaking was allowed to go on.

lines written, and whatever is amiss, he knows very well how to rectify.*

"Be pleased to let me know, from time to time, how this excellent design goes forward.

Make my compliments to young Mr. Drummond, whom I hope you will live to see such as you desire him.

"I have not lately seen Mr. Elphinston, but believe him to be prosperous. I shall be glad to hear the same of you, for I am, Sir, "Your affectionate humble servant, "SAM. JOHNSON."

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"I returned this week from the country, after an absence of near six months, and found your letter with many others, which I should have answered sooner, if I had sooner seen them.

"Dr. Robertson's opinion was surely right. Men should not be told of the faults which they The following letters, though not written till have mended. I am glad the old language is the year after, being chiefly upon the same sub-taught, and honour the translator as a man whom ject, are here inserted.

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66 TO MR. WILLIAM DRUMMOND. "Johnson's-court, Fleet-street, "DEAR SIR, April 21, 1767. That my letter should have had such effects as you mention, gives me great pleasure. I hope you do not flatter me by imputing to me more good than I have really done. Those whom my arguments have persuaded to change their opinion, show such modesty and candour as deserve great praise.

"I hope the worthy translator goes diligently forward. He has a higher reward in prospect than any honours which this world can bestow. I wish I could be useful to him.

"The publication of my letter, if it could be of use in a cause to which all other causes are nothing, I should not prohibit. But first, I would have you to consider whether the publication will really do any good; next, whether by printing and distributing a very small number, you may not attain all that you propose; and, what perhaps I should have said first, whether the letter, which I do not now perfectly remember, be fit to be printed.

"If you can consult Dr. Robertson, to whom I am a little known, I shall be satisfied about the propriety of whatever he shall direct. If he thinks that it should be printed, I entreat him to revise it; there may, perhaps, be some negligent

The Rev. Mr. John Campbell, Minister of the parish of Kippen, near Stirling, who has lately favoured me with a long, intelligent, and very obliging letter upon this work, makes the following remark: "Dr Johnson has alluded to the worthy man employed in the translation of the New Testament. Might not this have afforded you an opportunity of paying a proper tribute of respect to the memory of the Rev. Mr. James Stuart, late Minister of Killin, distinguished by his eminent piety, learning, and taste! The amiable simplicity of his life, his warm benevolence, his indefatigable and successful exertions for civilising and improving the parish of which he was minister for upwards of fifty years, entitle him to the gratitude of his country, and the veneration of all good men. It certainly would be a pity if such a character should be permitted to sink into oblivion."-BOSWELL.

God has distinguished by the high office of propagating his word.

'I must take the liberty of engaging you in an office of charity. Mrs. Heely, the wife of Mr. Heely, who had lately some office in your theatre, is my near relation, and now in great distress. They wrote me word of their situation some time ago, to which I returned them an answer which raised hopes of more than it is proper for me to give them. Their representation of their affairs I have discovered to be such as cannot be trusted; and at this distance, though their case requires haste, I know not how to act. She, or het daughters, may be heard of at Canongate Head. I must beg, Sir, that you will inquire after them, and let me know what is to be done. I am willing to go to ten pounds, and will transmit you such a be of use. sum, if, upon examination, you find it likely to If they are in immediate want, advance them what think What I proper. you could do I would do for the woman, having no great reason to pay much regard to Heely himself.t

"I believe you may receive some intelligence from Mrs. Baker, of the theatre, whose letter I received at the same time with yours; and to whom, if you see her, you will make my excuse for the seeming neglect of answering her.

"Whatever you advance within ten pounds shall be immediately returned to you, or paid as you shall order. I trust wholly to your judgI am, Sir, &c.,

ment.

"SAM. JOHNSON." Mr. Cuthbert Shaw,‡ alike distinguished by his genius, misfortunes, and misconduct, published

This paragraph shows Johnson's real estimation of the character and abilities of the celebrated Scotish historian, however lightly, in a moment of caprice, he may have spoken of his works.-BOSWELL.

+ This is the person concerning whom Sir John Hawkins has thrown out very unwarrantable reflections both against Dr. Johnson and Mr. Francis Barber.-BOS. WELL.

See an account of him in "The European Magazine," Jan. 1786.-BOSWELL

this year a poem called, "The Race, by Mercurius Spur, Esq.," in which he whimsically made the living poets of England contend for pre-eminence of fame by running :

"Prove by their heels the prowess of the head." In this poem there was the following portrait of Johnson:

"Here Johnson comes,-unblest with outward grace, His rigid morals stamp'd upon his face, While strong conceptions struggle in his brain: (For even wit is brought to bed with pain:) To view him, porters with their loads would rest, And babec cling frighted to the nurse's breast. With looks convulsed, he roars in pompous strain, And, like an angry lion, shakes his mane. The nine, with terror struck, who ne'er had seen Aught human with so terrible a mien, Debating whether they should stay or run, Virtue steps forth, and claims him for her son. With gentle speech she warns him now to yield, Nor stain his glories in the doubtful field; But wrapt in conscious worth, content sit down, Since Fame, resolved his various pleas to crown, Though forced his present claim to disavow, Had long reserved a chaplet for his brow. He bows, obeys; for Time shall first expire, Ere Johnson stay, when Virtue bids retire." The Honourable Thomas Hervey and his lady, having unhappily disagreed, and being about to separate, Johnson interfered as their friend, and wrote him a letter of expostulation, which I have not been able to find; but the substance of it is ascertained by a letter to Johnson in answer to it, which Mr. Hervey printed. The occasion of this correspondence between Dr. Johnson and Mr. Hervey, was thus related to me by Mr. Beauclerk.

"Tom Hervey had a great liking for Johnson, and in his will had left him a legacy of fifty pounds. One day he said to me, 'Johnson may want this money now, more than afterwards. I have a mind to give it him directly. Will you be so good as to carry a fifty pound note from me to him?' This I positively refused to do, as he might, perhaps, have knocked me down for insulting him, and have afterwards put the note in his pocket. But I said if Hervey would write him a letter, and enclose a fifty pound note, I should take care to deliver it. He accordingly did write him a letter, mentioning that he was only paying a legacy a little sooner. To his letter he added, 'P.S. I am going to part with my wife. Johnson then wrote to him, saying nothing of the note, but remonstrating with him against parting with his wife."

When I mentioned to Johnson this story, in as delicate terms as I could, he told me that the fifty pound note was given to him by Mr. Hervey in consideration of his having written for him a pamphlet against Sir Charles Hanbury Williams, who, Mr. Hervey imagined, was the author of an attack upon him; but that it was afterwards dis

* The Honourable Thomas Hervey, whose letter to Sir Thomas Hanmer, in 1742, was much read at that time. He was the second son of John, the first Earl of Bristol, and one of the brothers of Johnson's early friend, Henry Hervey. He married in 1744, Anne, daughter of Francis Coughlan, Esq., and died Jan. 20, 1775.

MALONE

covered to be the work of a garreteer, who wrote "The Fool;" the pamphlet therefore against Sir Charles was not printed.

CHAPTER XVI.—1767—1768.

IN February, 1767, there happened one of the most remarkable incidents of Johnson's life, which gratified his monarchical enthusiasm, and which he loved to relate with all its circumstances, when requested by his friends. This was his being honoured by a private conversation with his Majesty, in the library at the Queen's house. He had frequently visited those splendid rooms, and noble collection of books," which he used to say was more numerous and curious than he supposed any person could have made in the time which the king had employed. Mr. Barnard, the librarian, took care that he should have every accommodation that could contribute to his ease and convenience, while indulging his literary taste in that place-so that he had here a very agreeable resource at leisure hours.

His Majesty having been informed of his occasional visits, was pleased to signify a desire that he should be told when Dr. Johnson came next to the library. Accordingly, the next time that Johnson did come, as soon as he was fairly engaged with a book, on which, while he sat by the fire, he seemed quite intent, Mr. Barnard stole round to the apartment where the king was, and, in obedience to his Majesty's commands, mentioned that Dr. Johnson was then in the library. His Majesty said he was at leisure, and would go to him: upon which Mr. Barnard took one of the candles that stood on the king's table, and lighted his Majesty through a suite of rooms, till they came to a private door into the library, of which his Majesty had the key. Being entered, Mr. Barnard stepped forward hastily to Dr. Johnson, who was still in a profound study, and whispered him, "Sir, here is the king." Johnson started up, and stood still. His Majesty approached him, and at once was courteously easy.f

assistance towards the formation of this library; for I Dr. Johnson had the honour of contributing his have read a long letter from him to Mr. Barnard, giving the most masterly instruction on the subject. I wished much to have gratified my readers with the perusal of would have been graciously pleased to permit its publica this letter, and have reason to think that his Majesty tion; but Mr. Barnard, to whom I applied, declined it "on his own account."-BOSWELL.

+ The particulars of this conversation I have been at great pains to collect with the utmost authenticity, from Dr. Johnson's own detail to myself; from Mr. Langton, who was present when he gave an account of it to Dr. Joseph Warton, and several other friends, at Sir Joshua Reynolds's: from Mr. Barnard; from the copy of a letter written by the late Mr. Strahan, the printer, to Bishop Warburton; and from a minute, the original of which is among the papers of the late Sir James Caldwell, and a copy of which was most obligingly obtained for me from his son Sir John Caldwell, by Sir Francis Lumm. To all these gentlemen I beg leave to make my grateful acknowledgments, and particularly to Sir Francis Lumm, who was pleased to take a great deal of trouble, and even had the minute laid before the king by Lord Caermarthen now Duke of Leeds, then one of his Majesty's principal secretaries of state, who announced to Sir

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"Johnson started up and stood still. His majesty approached him, and at once was courteously easy.'

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