tions will permit from stables, pig-pens, and other fly-breeding places, and places of deposit of human excrement which are not under the control of the camp supervisor. A perfect score on location counts 5; if drainage is bad, 1 is deducted; if camp is so located that prevailing winds interfere with the comfort of the convicts, 1 is deducted; if camp is too close to marshes, 1 is deducted;" if in close proximity to stables, 1 is deducted; if located close to sewerage not under camp control, 1 is deducted.

2. Construction of buildings: air and ventilation.—The buildings must be so constructed that there will be in the sleeping quarters, under all conditions of weather, an average of at least 300 cubic feet of air per convict, plus an opening (window space or grating) of 3 square feet per convict. This opening must remain open all the time. Where there is no such allowance for free and continuous admission of air to the sleeping quarters of the convicts, 600 cubic feet of air must be provided in the sleeping quarters for each convict. The solution of this requirement is a separate living and sleeping room for convicts. This provision is important, and should be insisted upon. By separating the sleeping room from the living room, provision can be made for free admission of the air and at the same time a great reduction in the cubic feet of air space allowed per convict. The admission of outside air during sleeping hours permits the county authorities to use a much smaller building and at the same time to have much healthier convicts for work.

Buildings should be so placed with reference to sun exposure as to admit a maximum of sunlight. This provision requires that a long building would have its ends north and south and its sides east and west. There should be a sufficient amount of artificial light in the dining and living rooms, for convicts to read and write and play games at night. Sufficient furniture should be supplied the convicts so that they will not have to sit on their beds or bunks. Some form of cuspidor, if nothing more than a box with sawdust or sand in it, should be provided.

3. Water supply and equipment.-The water supply of convict camps must be reasonably pure and safe as indicated by the following: (a) Analysis of at least one sample of the water by the State laboratory of hygiene, and the water to be reanalyzed every three to six months; (b) source of the supply so located that privies and other places of deposit of human excrement and houses and pens for domestic animals shall drain away from and not in the direction of the water supply; (c) source of water supply not to be closer than 150 feet to any privy or other place of deposit of human excrement; (d) if well is used, it should have a tight cover with top elevated above the surface of the ground and a stone or concrete wall for 6 or 8 feet; (e) pump should be given preference to bucket and chain; (f) common bucket should be replaced with a barrel or keg or other closed container with spigot; (g) each convict and each attendant should have his own individual drinking cup. If there has been no analysis made, five-tenths of 1 per cent will be deducted from the total score. If source of water supply is badly located, 1 will be deducted; if well of poor structure is used, 1 will be deducted; if the well is without a pump, five-tenths of 1 per cent will be deducted; if there is no specially provided receptacle for containing the drinking water, and a water bucket is used for this purpose, 1 will be deducted; if the men are not provided with individual cups, 1 will be deducted.

4. Food and nutrition.-The superintendents or supervisors of all county convict camps shall report to the secretary of the State board of health on

"Should be at least 300 yards from marsh and without intervening crop, undergrowth, or forest.

forms supplied by the said secretary, the following, and the superintendent or supervisor of all State convict camps shall report, through the superintendent of the State penitentiary, to the secretary of the State board of health the following: (a) Number of prisoners; (b) number of white prisoners; (c) number of colored prisoners; (d) number of male prisoners; (e) number of female prisoners; (f) number of prisoners sick during month; (g) six most important causes of sickness for preceding month; (h) average height of prisoners; (i) average weight of prisoners; (j) total number of working days during month; (k) total number days sickness during month; (1) the percentage of time lost from sickness during month. The annual total score of a camp will be credited 13 for each month in which a complete report of the above facts is made. And 1 will be deducted from the total score of a camp for each month for which no such report is received. This will give each camp reporting regularly, accurately, and completely on the points above indicated, an addition of 18 points out of 100 on its total score, or where such reports are not made, will cause the camp to lose 18 points out of a possible 100 in its total score.

5. Clothing.—Adequate clothes of at least one complete change a week shall be furnished each prisoner, and each prisoner shall be provided with one clean nightshirt a week. The nightshirt is important. The men should not be expected to wear to bed the underclothing which they have worn during the day. The change from day clothing to night clothing, whether it be nightshirts, pajamas, or another change of underclothing, is necessary to keep the bedding reasonably clean and the men in good physical condition. The providing of nightshirts or night clothes counts 3 in the total score. The providing of at least one change of clothing per week counts 1. Sufficient clothing for the time of the year, including shoes, stockings, etc., counts 1 in the total score.

6. Beds and bedclothing.-Each prisoner shall have his own bed, and the bed shall not be less than 6 feet in length and 3 feet in width. This space shall be provided with either a mattress or, preferably, a tick filled with clean straw. Each prisoner shall be provided with a pillow and pillowcase, two sheets, and sufficient blankets for the comfort of the prisoner. The sheets and blankets shall be of such size as to permit thorough tucking under the foot and sides of the tick, and the top sheet, in addition, shall be of such length as to permit of its being turned back at least 6 inches over the top of the blanket. Sheets and pillowcases shall be changed once a week. Blankets shall be kept reasonably clean, and the tick shall be sunned at least once a month. If the tick, pillow, pillowcase, sheets, and covering are provided as above, they will each count 1 in the total score. If the men are not given sufficient space for their bedding, 1 shall be deducted from the score. Lack of cleanliness will be discredited 1 point.

7. Bathing. Each prisoner shall be required to wash his face and hands once daily and to have at least one general bath in previously unused water every week. Every prisoner shall be provided with soap and at least one towel a week, and each prisoner shall have his own wash basin. Each of these points, if provided by the camp or jail, will count 1 each in the total score.

8. Sleep, recreation, and accidents.-The prison life should be so regulated that the prisoner will have from 10 to 11 hours' work, from 7 to 8 hours' sleep, and 1 hours' recreation, exclusive of the time taken to get ready for meals and the time consumed at meals. If the convicts will rise at 5.30 a. m., get breakfast and then go to work at 6.30 a. m., stop from 12 to 1 for dinner, stop at 6.30 for supper, finish supper by 8 p. m., and have recreation hours from 8 to 9.30 p. m., retiring at 9.30, this schedule will be complied with. The convicts should have for their hour and a half recreation such games as checkers,

chess, and cards, magazines and newspapers. A little ingenuity on the part of the supervisor will secure these games and this literature. Supervisors and overseers should have due regard to the effect of excessive temperature on convicts. Exhaustion, heat strokes, and sunstrokes should not occur among prisoners. On the days of high temperature, over 93° or 94°, and in places where the air currents are cut off, convicts should be carefully watched for evidence of exhaustion and given the necessary periods of rest, including extra time at noon, to prevent the occurrence of such accidents. No overseer has the right to put a prisoner in any place of danger that he himself would hesitate to occupy. Frequent accidents among the prisoners of a camp are a reflection upon the camp management. If the time of the men is so arranged as above indicated, credit for sleep of 2 will be allowed, recreation 1, and games 2.

9. Sewerage. Human excrement, urine, and bowel discharges should be disposed of in such a way as to prevent the access of flies to the discharges and to prevent the discharge from washing, either by soil percolation or surface washing, into the water supply. To this end it is recommended, if the camp is not connected with a sewerage system, that either a privy similar to that shown in bulletin on sanitary construction and equipment of convict camps or the pail system, supplied by the National Closet Co., Sanford, N. C. be installed. If the camp is of a temporary nature, the pail system inclosed in a rough framework or canvas will probably be most useful. It is recommended that the pail system of the National Closet Co. be used in the skep ing quarters of the convicts. Wherever the pail system is used, a box of dry dirt with a shovel should be provided so that those using the closet may cover the deposit with dry dirt as a further safeguard against flies and to prevent odors. Both the privies and pail system shall be supplied with paper. The suggestions regarding sewerage are considered of such importance that a total of 7 is added to the score if all of them are carried out.

10. Vermin.-Where bedbugs infest a camp, three liberal applications of ordinary kerosene to all the cracks and crevices at intervals of from a week to 10 days will usually be found effective. Where a room or camp can be closed up tight, the burning of 2 pounds of sulphur to 1,000 cubic feet will be found effective in killing the adult bedbugs. After that, several applications of kerosene will stop further trouble. This causes little inconvenience. as it rapidly evaporates. Still another excellent means of destroying bedbugs is to make at least three liberal applications of a solution of corrosive sublimate (mercuric chloride) in alcohol (1 part corrosive sublimate to 500 parts alcohol), at intervals of about a week, to all cracks and crevices infested by vermin. Pyrethreum powders used in liberal quantities around the floors of places infested with fleas or other insects will usually prove effective. With this powder, either in the powdered form or as burning vapor, it will be found much more effective to have the room or building closed. Where closure is impossible, it should be sifted and swept around in all cracks and crevices in liberal quantities. It is much better to prevent the access of fleas to the camp by not allowing dogs to come around the camp. If any vermin is found in the beds, 8 will be deducted from the total score.

11. Flies and mosquitoes.—When a camp is constructed of wood, the recreation room, sleeping quarters, dining room, and kitchen should be so evenly and closely constructed at all points, especially above the eaves, that screening of all windows and doors will exclude mosquitoes and flies. Where the camp is of a very temporary nature, and where tents are used, and where, for reasons beyond the control of the supervisors, flies are in evidence, the following meas ure should be instituted: A mixture of water and milk, equal parts, with one

ounce of formalin and one heaping teaspoonful of brown sugar to the pint should be placed and kept in shallow saucers, seven or eight of them, around the kitchen, dining room, and other places where fiies are usually found. Where it is impossible to screen, and where, notwithstanding screening, mosquitoes are prevalent and several cases of malaria have occurred, the convicts suffering from malaria should be thoroughly treated with quinine as prescribed in bulletin No. 42 of the State board of health, and all other convicts should be given two-grain capsules of quinine before each meal as long as mosquitoes are found about the camp or other places occupied by convicts. Every precaution should be taken to eliminate fly-breeding places, and if these are absent, 1 will be counted on the total score. The screening of the camp counts 2. If malaria is in the camp, 1 will be deducted from the total score. If the antifly measures have been put in practice, 1 will be added to the total score.

12. Physical records.—No prisoner shall be admitted to any convict camp and remain a prisoner within the camp for a period longer than 10 days without an examination and record of his physical condition. The record of a prisoner's physical condition shall be made either on forms prepared by the North Carolina State Board of Health or on forms which have been submitted to and approved by the said board.

13. Smallpox.--The prisoners should be vaccinated at the same time of their conviction and every seven years thereafter. If smallpox breaks out in a camp, It is best then to revaccinate all of the prisoners, unless they have been recently vaccinated. The percentage of prisoners vaccinated will be scored from 0 to 2. 14. Typhoid fever.—All prisoners should be vaccinated against typhoid fever. The percentage of prisoners vaccinated will be scored from 0 to 3.

15. Syphilis.-Camp supervisors should ask their camp physician to point out to them the symptoms of syphilis, and whenever a syphilitic with communicable disease is found in the camp, he must be sent either to the county jail, to the State prison, or the State farm, where he can be treated with 606. Syphilis should not be found in convict camps and when found it will score against the management of the camp, and reflect upon the interest and ability of the camp physician. Five will be deducted from the total score if this disease is found in the camp.

16. Tuberculosis.-This disease is very prevalent among prisoners and is of such far-reaching importance to its victims and their associates that the supervisors of convict camps should be familiar with the initial and suggestive symptoms of tuberculosis. When a prisoner is found with such symptoms, the supervisor should promptly call upon the camp physician for a thorough examination, and if, on such examination, there is reasonable ground for suspecting the disease, such prisoner should be carefully watched and sent to the county Jail or to the State penitentiary for proper treatment before it is too late. The State board of health shall officially request the physician of the State penitentiary to carefully record and promptly report the condition of prisoners with tuberculosis sent in from camps in accordance with this rule. A camp sending in cases of tuberculosis far advanced in the stages of the disease will be severely scored against its sanitary rating. There is no reason, because a man has been convicted of crime and is kept under restraint by authority of the State, that he should be subjected to the danger of contagion of tuberculosis. All prisoners that have contracted tuberculosis should be kept entirely separated from the others and in camps in different sections of the State. The presence of tuberculosis in any camp will cause 5 to be deducted from the total score.

180482°-20-21

GENERAL MANAGEMENT.

In making this score proper physical conditions are recognized as the basis for all good results. If a camp makes 100 on its sanitary and hygienic score it will be equivalent to 80 on this score. If it should make only 50 on sanitation it would be marked down to 40 on this score, etc.

Classification, etc.-Chapter 286, laws 1917, makes three classes of prisoners in the State's prison-A, B, C. Class A are honor men who can be trusted in obey the rules and work diligently. They may be grouped together in honor camps and shall be worked without armed guards and shall not be chained at night. Class B shall be men who have not yet shown themselves wholly e titled to go in class A, but are competent to work and are reasonably obedient. They must be worked under guards, but shall not wear chains while at work and may or may not be chained at night, at the discretion of the officials. Class C are those men who can not be trusted at all. They shall wear stripes and may wear chains at work and may be flogged only under certain restrictions. Some of the county authorities have voluntarily adopted this classification, and where they do a score of 5 is given. If shackles or stripes are used except for men similar to third grade, in case full classification has not been adopted, 2 will be deducted. It must be borne in mind, however, that the law does not permit stripes to be put upon misdemeanants for any cause. If flogging is used, except under extreme conditions as provided in the State law, 3 will be deducted. There is little, if ever, need for flogging. Its use shows lack of managing ability. Classification itself is for the purpose of inducing men to obey and make good. And it does it when rightly managed. Let it be known that only good behavior can get a man out of lower grades into higher ones and easier conditions.

Educational and reformatory influences.-Prisoners ought not to be locked up Sunday after Sunday with no religious instruction. If the management will make a little exertion it is easy to get nearby ministers to hold service. Get enough of them interested and at least two services a month can be secured. In case this is provided for a score of 2 is given. During rest and leisure hours arrangements can be made for some instructions for prisoners, often those who can read are willing to read to others or even give them lessons. Where effort along this line is shown it will win a score of 1. It is likewise easy to secure reading matter for the camps by a little trouble, and when done this scores 1. Most of all, the conduct of the prisoners reflects the intelligence and interest of the superintendent. He should know his men personally, take time to talk with them and secure their confidence, and strive in every way to make an impression for good on them. This scores 2. Whether this has been done or not the general spirit that pervades the camp will tell. It will be shown in the unconscious attitude of prisoners toward officials. If the spirit of the camps is good a score of 2 is given on this point. Camps are required to keep records of the prisoners, and if these are properly kept and reports made to the board of charities and public welfare as required, and it is impressed upon the men that their good-time allowance is properly bestowed, a credit of 2 is given.