particulars we find no mention in the discourses of transcendentals; for men have rather pursued the quirks of words than the subtilities of things. And, therefore, we would introduce into primary philosophy a real and solid inquiry into these transcendentals, or adventitious conditions of beings, according to the laws of nature, not of speech.

CHAPTER II.

Natural Theology with its Appendix, the Knowledge of Angels and Spirits.

THUS having first seated the common parent of the sciences, as Berecynthia rejoicing over her celestial offspring,

"Omnes cœlicolas, omnes supera alta tenentes," "—

we return to our division of philosophy into divine, natural, and human; for natural theology may be justly called divine philosophy. Divine philosophy is a science, or rather the rudiments of a science, derivable from God by the light of nature, and the contemplation of his creatures; so that with regard to its object, it is truly divine; but with regard to its acquirement, natural. The bounds of this knowledge extend to the confutation of atheism, and the ascertaining the laws of nature, but not to the establishing of religion. And, therefore, God never wrought a miracle to convert an atheist, because the light of nature is sufficient to demonstrate a deity; but miracles were designed for the conversion of the idolatrous and superstitious, who acknowledged a God, but erred in their worship of him-the light of nature being unable to declare the will of God, or assign the just form of worshipping him. For as the power and skill of a workman are seen in his works, but not his person, so the works of God express the wisdom and omnipotence of the Creator, without the least representation of his image. And in this particular, the opinion of the heathens differed from the sacred verity, as supposing the world to be the image of God, and man a little image of the world. The Scripture never gives the world that honour, but calls it the work of his hands; making only man the image of God. And, theretore, the being of a God, that he governs the world, that he Eneid, vi. 787. b Ps. viii. 3, cii. 25, et al.

18 all-powerful, wise, prescient, good, a just rewarder and punisher, and to be adored, may be shown and enforced from his works; and many other wonderful secrets, with regard to his attributes, and much more as to his dispensation and government over the universe, may also be solidly deduced, and made appear from the same. And this subject has been usefully treated by several.c

But from the contemplation of nature, and the principles of human reason, to dispute or urge anything with vehemence, as to the mysteries of faith, or over-curiously to examine and sift them, by prying into the manner of the mystery, is no safe thing: "Give unto faith the things that are faith's." And the heathens grant as much in that excellent and divine fable of the golden chain, where "men and gods are represented as unable to draw Jupiter to earth, but Jupiter able to draw them up to heaven." So that it is a vain attempt to draw down the sublime mysteries of religion to our reason, but we should rather raise our minds to the adorable throne of heavenly truth. And in this part of natural theology, we find rather an excess than any defect; which we have however turned a little aside to note, on account of the extreme prejudice and danger which both religion and philosophy hence incur, because a mixture of these makes both an heretical religion and a fantastic and superstitious philosophy.e

It is otherwise, as to the nature of spirits and angels; this being neither unsearchable nor forbid, but in a great part level to the human mind, on account of their affinity. We are, indeed, forbid in Scripture to worship angels, or to entertain fantastical opinions of them, so as to exalt them

And more particularly since, by Cudworth, in his "Intellectual System of the Universe;" Mr. Boyle, in his "Christian Virtuoso ;" Mr. Ray, in his "Wisdom of the Creation;" Dr. Bentley, in his "Discourse of the Folly and Unreasonableness of Atheism;" Dr. Clarke, in his "Demonstration of the Being and Attributes of God;" and by Derham, in his "Physico-Theology." See also Raphson's "De Deo;" Dr. Nieuwentyt's "Religious Philosopher;" Mr. Whiston's "Astronomical Principles of Religion;" Commenius's "Physicæ ad lumen divinum reformatæ Synopsis;" Paley's "Natural Religion;" the Bridgewater Treatises, and Cardinal Wiseman's "Connection of Science with Revealed Religion." Ed. d Iliad, ix.

See above, Prelim. sec. iii. 8, and hereafter of Theology, sec. ult.
St. Paul, Coloss. ii. 5, 18.

above the degree of creatures, or to think of them higher than we have reason; but the sober inquiry about them, which either ascends to a knowledge of their nature by the scale of corporeal beings, or views them in the mind, as in a glass, is by no means forbid. The same is to be understood of revolted or unclean spirits: conversation with them, or using their assistance, is unlawful; and much more in any manner to worship or adore them: but the contemplation and knowledge of their nature, power, and illusions, appears from Scripture, reason, and experience, to be no small part of spiritual wisdom. Thus says the apostle, "Strategematum ejus non ignari sumus." And thus it is as lawful in natural theology to investigate the nature of evil spirits, as the nature of poisons in physics, or the nature of vice in morality. But this part of knowledge relating to angels and spirits, which we call the appendage to natural theology, cannot be noted for deficient, as having been handled by many; but we may justly tax no small part of the writers in this way, either with levity, superstition, or fruitless speculation.

CHAPTER III.

Natural Philosophy divided into Speculative and Practical. The Necessity of keeping these Two Branches distinct.

BUT to leave natural theology, and proceed to natural philosophy; as it was well said by Democritus, that "the knowledge of nature lies concealed in deep mines and caves;' and by the alchemists, that "Vulcan is a second nature, imitating concisely what the first takes time and circuit to effect;" suppose natural philosophy were divided, as it regards the mine and the furnace, and two offices of philosophers, miners and smelters introduced? This, indeed, may appear jocular. yet such a kind of division we judge extremely useful, when proposed in just and familiar terms; so that the doctrine of nature be divided into speculative and practical, or the search after causes, and the production of effects the one entering into the bowels of nature, and the other forming her upon the anvil. Nor are we insensible of Laertius, Life of Seneca. Paracelsus de Philos. Sagac.

g2 Cor. ii. 11.

the strict union betwixt causes and effects; so that the explanation of them must, in some measure, be coupled together but as all solid and fruitful natural philosophy hath both an ascending and a descending scale of parts, leading from experience to axioms, and from axioms to new discoveries, it seems most advisable here, in the division of sciences, to separate speculation from operation, and treat them distinct.

CHAPTER IV.

Division of the Speculative Branch of Natural Philosophy into Physics and Metaphysics. Physics relate to the Investigation of Efficient Causes and Matter; Metaphysics to that of Final Causes and the Form. Division of Physics into the Sciences of the Principles of Things, the Structure of Things, and the Variety of Things. Division of Physics in relation to the Variety of Things into Abstract and Concrete. Division of Concretes agrees with the Distribution of the Parts of Natural History. Division of Abstracts into the Doctrine of Material Forms and Motion. Appendix of Speculative Physics twofold: viz., Natural Problems and the Opinions of Ancient Philosophers. Metaphysics divided into the Knowledge of Forms and the Doctrine of Final Causes.

THE speculative or theoretical part of natural philosophy we divide into physics and metaphysics; taking the word metaphysics in a sense different from that received. And here we must, once for all, declare, as to our use of words, that though our conceptions and notions are new, and different from the common, yet we religiously retain the ancient forms of speech; for as we hope that the method, and clear explanation, we endeavour at. will free us from any misconstruction that might arise from an ill choice of words; so in everything else, it is our desire, as much as possible, without prejudice to truth and the sciences, not to deviate from ancient opinions and forms of speech. And here I cannot but wonder that Aristotle should proceed in such a spirit of contradiction, as he did to all antiquity; not only coining new terms of science at pleasure, but endeavouring to abolish all the knowledge of the ancients; so that he never mentions any ancient author but to reprove him, nor opinion but to confute it; which is the ready way to procure fame and followers. For certainly it happens in philosophical, as it does in divine truth: "I came in the name

of my Father, and ye received me not; but if one came in his own name, ye would receive him."a Which divine aphorism, as applied to Antichrist, the great deceiver, plainly shows us that a man's coming in his own name, without regard to antiquity or paternity, is no good sign of truth, though joined with the fortune and success of being received. But for so excellent and sublime a genius as Aristotle, one would think he caught this ambition from his scholar, and affected to subdue all opinions, as Alexander did all nations; and thus erect himself a monarchy in his own contemplation. Though for this, perhaps, he may not escape the lash of some severe pen, no more than his pupil; and be called a successful ravager of learning, as the other was of countries. Some are doubtless disposed to treat him with the same courtesy as his scholar, in saying,

"Fœlix doctrinæ prædo, non utile mundo
Editus exemplum."
" C

But on the other hand, desiring, by all possible means, to cultivate and establish a free commerce betwixt ancient and modern learning, we judge it best religiously to side with antiquity, and therefore to retain ancient terms, though we frequently alter their sense, according to that moderate and laudable usage in politics, of introducing a new state of things, without changing the styles and titles of government.d

Thus then we distinguish metaphysics, as may appear by what was above delivered, from primary philosophy, which has hitherto been taken from it, making this the common parent of the sciences, and that a part of natural philosophy.

a St. John v. 43.

b We should rather say that Alexander caught the fire of ambition from his master, as Aristotle put forth his pretensions to mental empire long before his pupil overran Egypt. In addition, it may be observed that Aristotle was an Athenian, and that the strong antipathies which his countrymen bore to the king of Persia were increased by the ties of blood and friendship which bound him to Hermius, king of Atarné, whom the eastern despot had abused. It is most likely, therefore, that Aristotle never missed an opportunity of exciting his royal pupil to that conquest, which the Athenians had previously attempted to execute; as affording him the satisfaction of retaliating the injuries of a departed friend, as well as an opportunity of collecting a store of natural facts on which he might erect the superstructure of the physical sciences. Ed. c Lucan, x. 21. d Tacitus, Annals, i.

e

Concerning primary philosophy, see above.