Manner. 97. MANNER embraces how, in what way, etc. 19. He assented cheerfully. Special Analysis. Cheerfully is a subordinate idea of manner, having a natural relation to its principal, assented; and is used, in the sentence, as an adjunct of the affirmer, assented. 20. The pupils behaved properly. Time. 98. TIME embraces duration, when, then, etc. 21. The work was finished seasonably. Special Analysis. Seasonably is a subordinate idea of time, having a natural relation to its principal, was finished; and is used, in the sentence, as an adjunct of the predicate, was finished. 22. Formerly, a guide-post had been erected on this very spot. 23. It was then. It is now. It shall be hereafter. Order. 99. ORDER embraces succession, rank, degree, etc. 24. Those who came first, left last. Special Analysis. First is a subordinate idea of order, having a natural relation to its principal, came; and is used, in the sentence, as an adjunct of the affirmer, came. 25. The upper town is on the top of the hill. 26. The lower town is at the foot of the hill. Place. 100. PLACE embraces locality, position, point, etc. 27. Here is the spot. There is your hat. Special Analysis. Here is a subordinate idea of locality, having an incidental relation to its principal, is; and is used, in the sentence, as an adjunct of the affirmer, is. 28. This book belongs to that pupil. These books belong to those pupils. This book belongs to me. Special Analysis. This is a subordinate idea of place, having an incidental relation to its principal, book; and, is used as an adjunct of the subject, book. Relation. 101. RELATION embraces references to ideas, repetitions of ideas, questions, usages, etc. 29. Question. Whose book is this? Answer. This book is mine. Special Analysis. Whose names a subordinate idea of the relation between its principal, book, and the repetition of the idea, in another thought, used as an answer to the question. It is used as an adjunct of the subject, book. 30. Which hat is mine? This hat is yours. 31. What [thing] do you wish? I wish my hat. 32. Where did you go? I went to town. 33. When did you return? I returned this morning. NOTE III. Adjuncts, which show by their meaning, that their principal words are also found in other sentences, are called Relative Adjuncts. The principal word of a Relative Adjunct is sometimes called its Consequent or Subsequent; while, the same word in another sentence is called the Antecedent of the Relative Adjunct. (See Modes of Connecting Clauses, and Designative Adjectives used Relatively.) 34. Which of these roads leads to Boston? This road leads to Boston. Which is a relative adjunct, whose consequent or subsequent is roads. It also refers to its antecedent, road, in the sentence, this road leads to Boston. 35. Here is a haystack. There is a cornfield. 36. There is a cart-horse before a horse-cart. 37. A few well directed efforts frequently produce great changes in the events of a man's life. Special Ultimate Analysis. A, rhetorically, is an adjunct of quantity, belonging to the adjunct, few. Few is an adjunct of quantity, belonging to the subject, efforts Well is an adjunct of manner, belonging to the adjunct, directed. Directed is an adjunct of manner, belonging to the subject, efforts. Frequently is an adjunct of relation, belonging to the predicate, pro duce. Great is an adjunct of quantity, belonging to the first object, change. General Immediate Ánalysis. Rhetorically, a few well directed, etc., is a simple sentence; because, etc. Its immediate elements are the subject phrase, a few well directed efforts; the predicate phrase, frequently produce in the events of a man's life; and, the first object phrase, great changes. The subject phrase, a few well directed efforts, is an independent compound phrase; because, it contains an entire part of a thought. Its principal word, efforts, is the subject of the sentence; to which, belong the two simple phrases, a few, well directed. Its predicate phrase, frequently produce in the events of a man's life, is an independent compound phrase, having, as its principal word, the predicate, produce; the adjunct word, frequently, used instead of the adjunct phrase, on many occasions; the dependent compound phrase, in the events of a man's life. Its first object phrase, great changes, is a simple independent phrase, having, as its principal word, the first object, changes; and, as its subordinate, great.. NOTE IV. Sometimes a word is used simply to commence an expression, with or without any definite logical use. A word so used is called an Inceptive Adjunct, and is said to be used Inceptively; that is, to make a beginning. Sometimes, also, a word is used to fill out a statement. A word so used is called an Expletive Adjunct, and is said to be used Expletively; that is, to fill up. Inceptives and Expletives should be used with great caution, as they are seldom necessary, are generally inelegant, and always obscure the narration. 38. There is a man here. Correct Form. Here is a man. 39. How many acres are there in this field? Correct Form. How many acres are in this field? 40. How many trees are there in that lot? NOTE V. Sometimes an Adjunct is understood. 41. The knife is worth a dollar. The knife is the worth of a dollar. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 1. William's dog has torn John's coat. 2. General Putnam captured Fort Ticonderoga. 3. In the height of passion, he slew his friend. 4. "That shook Cecropia's pillared state." 5. The most persevering will, very generally, be the most successful man. 6. I will send the former rains. 7. How dear to my heart are the scenes of my 8. Henry's grandfather is the father of Sarah. 9. The grandfather of Henry is Sarah's father. 10. Is a dove's nest a nest of doves? 11. The curfew tolls the knell of parting day. 12. The lowing herd winds slowly o'er the lea. childhood! 13. The State of New Hampshire has a population of 226,000 souls. 14. $5 has a greater value than four-elevenths of a dollar. 15. A third part of a dollar is equivalent to 33 cents. 16. The brightest colors are not always the most enduring. Personators. LIT. DEF. The word, personator,' means the office of one who speaks through [something]. 102. A PERSONATOR is a word naming an actor, a receiver, or a subordinate idea, and used for ease and for euphony instead of a word, or of a phrase; which is called the Antecedent of the Personator. The NOTE I. Personators are sometimes called Substitute Words. office of the personator, being merely to supply the place of one or more words already having an office in the sentence, is secondary in comparison with the offices of these words. EXAMPLES. 1. Teacher. What did John do with Jane's books? Pupil. He put them with his own into her brother's desk. Special Analysis. Logically, he is the actor; rhetorically, he is the personator of the subject, John. He is a personator, because it names the actor, and is used in the place of a subject. Them names the receiver, and is used as the personator; because, etc. His names an idea subordinate to books, and personates John's, an adjunct of books. Her names an idea subordinate to brother's, and personates Jane's an adjunct of the adjunct, brother's. Without personators, this example reads as follows;— 2. John put Jane's books with John's into Jane's brother's desk. NOTE II. Personators are not absolutely necessary in the construction of a sentence; nevertheless, they are convenient for the narrator, and pleasing to the narratee. Children learn the use of the Personator very slowly; because, its use is so artificial. Hence, we often hear, "Johnnie wants Johnnie's stick," instead of, "I want my stick." 1 PERSONATOR, or, office of; (a)t, that which; son, sound, speaks; per, through, by. Anciently, play-actors wore masks, resembling the persons whose characters they represented; hence, speaking a part through a mask came to be called personating a character. As the actor spoke through his mask, so, by comparison, a word seems to speak through another word, representing it and standing in its place, |