MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES IN THE OFFICES OF WORDS.

NOTE. In analyzing the following examples, the student should constantly keep in mind, that the office of a word depends on two things; first, the idea named by the word; second, the use which is made of the word in the construction of the sentence. This is important; because, the office of a word is the basis of its grammatical classification; and, the same word may be used to fill different offices in a sentence.

1. The watchman watches his watch.

2. Mr. Wells' well is well filled with well-water.

3. I saw the saw in the saw-mill.

4. Paint preserves edifices.

5. Painters paint houses with paint.

6. Mr. Waters waters the plants with a cupful of water. 7. The dock-builders dock the timber according to the length of the dock.

8. This inn is kept by Mr. Innis.

9. Post no bills on this post.

10. In the Spring, water springs from the springs. 11. The bubbles bubble up from the mud.

12. Butter the bread with fresh butter.

13. Arm yourselves with the choicest of arms.

14. He stores his store of goods in the stores.

15. The dogs bay at the bay horses in the big bay.

16. They is a personator.

17. Ducks duck down into the duck-weed.

18. Mr. Black's black coat blacks his white waistcoat very badly.

COMPOUND SENTENCES.

107. A COMPOUND Sentence is the expression or name of a Compound thought.

EXAMPLES.

1. We have changes of seasons; because, while the earth moves around the sun, her axis is inclined to the plane of the sun's equator.

General Analysis. We have changes, etc., is a compound sentence; because, it expresses or names a compound thought.

108. The elements of Compound Sentences are Clauses, Connectors, and Relative Adjuncts.

Clauses.

LIT. DEF. The word, clause,1 means something limited, fenced, enclosed.

109. A CLAUSE is a sentence used as an element in the construction of a Compound Sentence.

NOTE I. Clauses are sometimes called the Sentential Element or the Members of Compound Sentences.

110. Clauses are classified in three ways; first, according to their rank or degree; second, according to their forms; third, according to their uses or offices.

Clauses, according to their Rank or Degree.

111. According to their rank or degree, Clauses are divided into Principal, Co-ordinate, and Subordinate Clauses,

1 CLAUSE. state of; 8- d, that which; clau, has been closed.

Principal Clauses.

112. The PRINCIPAL Clause is the chief or leading clause of a compound sentence.

EXAMPLES.

1. The soldier was wounded, while he was returning to the camp.

The soldier was wounded is the principal clause of the compound sentence, the soldier was wounded, while returning to the camp.

2. The groom compelled the horse to stand still.

Co-ordinate Clauses.

113. CO-ORDINATE Clauses are clauses expressing co-ordinate thoughts or thoughts of the same degree.

1. Men live, and men die; but God lives forever.

2. You may ride the horse to town, or you may go by the

cars.

Subordinate Clauses.

114. SUBORDINATE Clauses express thoughts, which are subordinate to other thoughts.

1. I will lend you the book if I can find it.

I can find it is a subordinate clause; because, it expresses a thought, which is subordinate to the action, will lend, and thus, becomes subordinate to the thought, I will lend you the book.

2. Does such a scholar as he is, read books?

He is is a subordinate clause; because, it expresses a thought, sub. ordinate to the secondary idea, such, and hence, is subordinate to the thought, does such a man read books.

3. The success was as great as he expected.

He expected is a subordinate clause; because, it expresses a thought, subordinate to the secondary idea, as, and thus, subordinate to the thought, the success was as great.

4. He was so successful that he was able to retire from business.

5. He was so successful as to be able to retire from business. 6. A ship, which never lifts her anchors, needs no sail.

Which never lifts her anchors, is a subordinate clause; because, it names a thought subordinate to the actor, ship, and thus, is subordinate to the thought, a ship needs no sails.

7. The wind bloweth where it listeth, and thou hearest the sound thereof, but canst not tell whence it cometh nor whither it goeth.

115. According to form, a clause is either Simple, or Connected.

Clauses, Simple in Form.

116. A Clause is SIMPLE in form, when it may be used alone, or as a simple sentence.

1. Men live, and men die, but God lives forever.

The clause, men live, is simple in form; because, in its present form, it may be used as a simple sentence.

For the same reason, the clauses, men die, God lives forever, are also simple in form.

2. The officer knew them to be the men.

The clause, the officer knew·

is simple in form; because, etc.

were known by the officer, is simple in form; be

3. They were known to be the men by the officer.

The clause,

cause, etc.

NOTE I. The student has already learned in Simple Sentences, that a part of a sentence may be expressed, and that a part of it may be understood, without destroying the sentence.

4. I will lend you the book, if I can find it. These clauses are simple in form; because, etc.

Clauses, Connected in Form.

117. A Clause is CONNECTED by its form, when it cannot be used as a simple sentence; or, when its form requires that it be taken with another clause.

118. A Clause is connected by its form in two ways; first, when a relator is used to show the relation of the predicate to its subject; second, when the clause contains a relative adjunct.

1. You desired John to go.

In the clause, John to go, the relation of the predicate, go, to its own subject, John, is shown by the relator, to; hence, the clause, John to go, is joined to the clause, you desired, by its form; because, the clause, John to go, cannot be used as a simple sentence.

NOTE I. In the English language, to is the only word that can be used to show the relation of a predicate to its own subject. This use of a relator belongs almost exclusively to the English language, and is the third way in which relators can be used in an English sentence. (See Grammar, Prepositions.)

This third use of relators may be understood by observing the following examples;

2. We called the horses.

In which horses is a first object word.

3. We called the old horses.

In which, the old horses may be taken as a first object phrase.

4. We called the horses to come to us.

In which, the horses to come to us is a first object clause or a sentential first object. In each of these examples, horses appears to be the first object of the affirmer, called; but, to prevent this mistake on the part of the narratee, the narrator inserts the relator, to, to show that the subject, horses, together with its predicate, to come, must be taken together as the first object clause or sentential first object of the predicate, called.

NOTE II. In very familiar expressions, the relator, to, is understood. 5. Jane saw the horses run.

Jane saw the horses to run.

6. The girls heard the birds [to] sing.

7. Oh, come! Let us [to] sing a new song.

119. According to their uses or offices in Sentences, Clauses are divided into; Subject, First Object, Second Object, and Adjunct Clauses.