form, by a relative adjunct, or by a relator. a relator. A Complex or Mixed Sentence always expresses a complex or mixed thought. 5. "Trust ye in me has cheered many a heart. Trust ye in me, has, etc., is a complex or mixed sentence; because, it has this subject clause, trust ye in me, as one of its immediate elements. 6. He was desired to sing the song by them. Real form, passively expressed. Him to sing the song was desired by them. 7. They desired him to sing the song. They desired, etc., is a complex sentence; because, it has the first object clause, him to sing the song. 8. Many a drooping heart has been cheered by "trust ye in me." Ex., 8, is a mixed sentence; because, it has the second object clause, trust ye in me. 9. The man, who brings the machine to you, will wait while you are trying it. This example is a complex sentence. It has two adjunct clauses joined to their antecedents by the relative adjuncts, who, while. 10. We had no notice of his leaving so soon. 11. Let not him, that putteth on his armor, boast himself as he that putteth off. 12. How few dare to be just and speak the truth under all circumstances ! 13. Let him, that is without blame, cast the first stone. 14. Allow me to anticipate your wants by handing you these things. = F S Translation. f ; S = allow [to me]; T = me to anticipate your wants by handing you these things; but, T me; S to anticipate by handing you these things; T T; that is, F - your wants. 137. Second Classification of Sentences. Sentences, according to their thoughts and forms, are divided into three kinds; First. Sentences Independent in thought and in form. Second. Sentences Dependent in thought and Independent in form. Third. Sentences Dependent in thought and in form. Sentences, Independent in Thought and in Form. 138. A Sentence, INDEPENDENT in THOUGHT and in FORM, is the expression of an independent thought, in a sentence having an independent form or the form of a simple sentence. NOTE I. This definition includes; first, all simple sentences; second, all compound sentences taken entire; third, all principal clauses of compound sentences; fourth, all clauses joined by co-ordinate connectors. EXAMPLES. 1. The explorers of this region called the Delaware, the South River. 2. The Hudson River was called the North River by the explorers of this region. Each of these examples is independent both in thought and in form; because, it expresses an independent thought, and has an independent form. 3. The North River was called the Hudson in honor of its discoverer, and the South River was called the Delaware, in honor of Lord De La War, one of the original proprietors of that region. Example, 3, taken entire, is independent in thought and in form; because, a thought, or a sentence, used alone, can have no dependence on another. Each of its clauses is independent in thought and in form; because, it expresses an independent thought, and may be used as a simple sentence. 4. The rulers compelled the people to do military duty. Example, 4, as a whole, is independent both in thought and in form. Its principal clause, the rulers compelled, is independent in thought and in form, also. 5. The people were compelled to do military duty by their rulers. 6. A house once stood here, where we are now standing. Sentences, Dependent in Thought and Independent in Form. 139. A Sentence, DEPENDENT in THOUGHT and INDEPENDENT in FORM, is the expression of a dependent thought in a clause having an independent form or the form of a simple sentence. EXAMPLES. 1. Napoleon ordered that a part of the soldiers should act as pioneers. 2. That a part of the soldiers should act as pioneers was ordered by Napoleon. A part of the soldiers should act as pioneers is a clause, dependent in its thought and independent in its form; because, etc. 3. Some suppose that Paradise, the Garden of Eden, was situated near the Euphrates, a river of Asia. 4. That Paradise, the Garden of Eden, was situated near the Euphrates, a river of Asia, is supposed by some. 5. I thought that she walked up this hill. 6. I called at the house in which you reside. Sentences, Dependent in Thought and in Form. is 140. A Sentence, DEPENDENT in THOUGHT and in FORM, the expression of a dependent thought, in a clause having a dependent form or having a form which cannot be used as a simple sentence. 1. I saw the horses run. I saw the horses to run. The horses [to] run is a clause, dependent in its thought and in its form; because, it is the expression of a dependent thought, in a sentence having a dependent form or a form which cannot be used as a simple sentence. 2. The horses were seen to run by me. True passive construction. The horses to run was seen by me. 141. Third Classification of Sentences. Sentences, according to the narrator's use of them, are divided into Interrogative or Questions, Responsive or Answers, Historic or Declarative, Imperative, Conditional, and Exclamative. Interrogative Sentences or Questions. LIT. DEF. The word, interrogative,1 means the office of that which questions. The word, question," means that which asks or seeks. 142. An INTERROGATIVE Sentence or QUESTION is a sentence, used when the narrator wishes information from the narratee, or wishes to astonish or confound the narratee. 1. Simple Form. Come ye in peace? 2. Emphatic. Do ye come in peace? 3. Periphrastic. Are ye coming in peace? NOTE I. An Interrogative Sentence or Question is called a Query. It might, for convenience, be called a Quesitative Sentence, because it questions or seeks. 4. Who is here? Which is here? What is here? 143. Interrogative Sentences or Questions are divided into two kinds; Direct, and Indirect. Direct Questions. LIT. DEF. The word, direct,3 means straight through or across. 144. A DIRECT Interrogative Sentence or Question is used, when the narrator wishes the narratee to reply concerning the action mentioned in the question. This is shown, if the predicate be simple, by placing it before the subject; if the predicate be a phrase, by placing an auxiliary before the subject. 5. Laughest thou, Lochiel? Dost thou laugh, Lochiel? Art thou laughing, Lochiel? 1 INTERROGATIVE, ative, ; rog, questions, asks; inter, between, back and forth. 2 QUESTION. tion, 3 DIRECT. t, ques, asks, seeks. See query. ; rec, straight, right; di-dia, through, across; in, not. Indirect Questions. 145. An INDIRECT Interrogative Sentence or Question is used to show that the narrator seeks a reply in regard to the actor, receiver, or to some subordinate idea, expressed in the question. This is shown by placing, at the beginning of the sentence, an adjunctive belonging to the name of that idea. 6. Who says this? Which man did this? What is this? What did you do? 7. How was it? When was it? Where was it? Why was it? Whence comest thou? Whither goest thou? Responsive Sentences or Answers. LIT. DEF. The word, responsive,1 means like that which gives back. The word, answer,2 means talk back. 146. A RESPONSIVE Sentence or ANSWER is used by the narratee, in replying to the question of the narrator. Responsive sentences are formed according to the general form. 147. Responsives or Answers are divided into two kinds; Affirmative and Negative. Affirmative Answers. 148. An AFFIRMATIVE Answer is one, in which the narratee re-asserts or affirms the narrator's question. 1. Heardest thou this? I heard this. 2. Didst thou hear this? I did hear this. 3. Wert thou hearing this? 4. Was this heard by thee? John did it. 5. Who did it? 6. Which did it? I did it. I was hearing this. This was heard by me. 1 RESPONSIVE. sive, -; spon, puts, stands; re, correspondent. See respond, despond, 2 ANSWER. swer, talk, tell; an-ana, back, again. See sware. |