34. Farmers raise the grain and millers grind it.
35. Carpenters build houses and we dwell in houses.
36. Prudence heaps up and prodigality scatters riches.

Analysis; Prudence heaps up and prodigality scatters riches, is a compound sentence, contracted in the Third Primary Form. Its expanded, or uncontracted form is, Prudence heaps up riches and prodigality scatters riches.

37. The latter attacked and the former plundered tle

town.

38. The rapid increase of the new colony excited and its military array justified the fears of its Spanish neighbors. 39. And, if the night hath gathered, or if the darkness hath concealed aught of evil.

40. We saw the child, which you mentioned.

41. We saw the man, whom you mentioned. (whom man.) 42. I will defend the tower, if they assail it.

43. We will respect his motives, whose motives are vir

tuous.

44. The farmer raises the grain and the dealer sells it. 165. Fourth Primary Contraction. When the Second Objects are alike.

RULE. Generally understand the former, and express the latter second object.

45. Steam-ships travel over the sea and sailing vessels sail over the sea.

Contracted Form - Steam-ships travel and sailing vessels sail over the sea.

46. We have just come from the town and you are just going to the town.

47. I saw gold there and James saw copper there.

48. I executed my mission in haste and you performed your task in haste.

49. Peter's aid came timely, and Samuel's letter came in good time.

50. Seth Sothel conducted himself disgracefully in Virginia, and afterward behaved in a disgraceful manner in Carolina.

51. He reads and she sings delightfully.

Analysis. He reads and she sings delightfully is a connected sentence contracted as in the Fourth Primary Contraction.

Its expanded, or uncontracted form is― He reads delightfully, and she sings delightfully; or, He reads in a delightful manner, and she sings in a delightful manner. (Prop. x., Sixth.)

52. He goes there and they expect him daily.

166. Fifth Primary Contraction. When the same Connector is used several times.

RULE. Understand all but the last connector.

NOTE IV. If all the connectives be expressed, the expression is called Poly-syn-det-on1 (many connectors). If all but one be understood, it is called A-syn-det-on2 (without connectors).

53. John and James and Thomas and William and Joseph study faithfully. Polysyndeton.

54. John, James, Thomas, William, and Joseph study faithfully. Asyndeton.

NOTE V. Mixed compound sentences are sometimes contracted by omitting the to, when used as a part of the affirmer in dependent objective sentences.

55. I bade him to jump.

Contracted. I bade him jump.
Con. He heard her speak.
Not contracted. You

56. He heard her to speak. 57. You asked them to sing. asked them to sing.

Not contracted.

58. John told him to leave it. 59. We saw them to strike the horse. Con. We saw them strike the horse.

60. I told him to speak freely and to declare his views, but he declined to do it.

POLYSYNDETON. (e)ton = (e)tion, state of that which; d, put, adds; syn— sun, together; poly, many.

2 ASYNDETON. syndeton, Primitive 4.

;a, not. This prefix, a, is sometimes called

167. The Secondary, or Compound Contractions are formed by using two, or more Primary Contractions in the same Compound Sentence. These Contractions are made according to the principles laid down in Primary Contractions.

61. He will bestow food, and he will bestow raiment.

Contracted Form - He will bestow food and raiment. (First and Second Primary Forms.)

62. The king made great works, and the king made fenced cities.

63. We took a long walk, and we took a pleasant walk. -We took a long and pleasant walk. (First and

Contracted Form

Third Primary Forms.)

64. "The true monarchs of every country are those, whose sway is over thought and emotion."

Uncontracted Form - The true monarchs of every country are those, whose sway is over thought, and the true monarchs of every country are those, whose sway is over emotion.

65. "Scotland, Ireland, Germany, Holland, France, Sweden, Denmark, and the Baltic region, contributed large quotas of people, and other colonial instrumentalities.”

This example contains sixteen simple clauses. Its uncontracted, or expanded form is, Scotland contributed large quotas of people, and Scotland contributed large quotas of other colonial instrumentalities, &c., of Ireland, Germany, &c.

This example also illustrates the convenience and economy of the Contraction of Compound Sentences.

66. The following examples exhibit some curious uses of connectors and their effects on the significations of sentences. We start with Eight simple sentences, which finally become Sixteen simple clauses by inserting a single connector.

Now, by uniting the first and second, the third and fourth, the fifth and sixth, the seventh and eighth examples, and contracting, we reduce the whole to four Compound Contracted Sentences.

XYZ + xy XYZ+xy XYZ + xy Z.

9. John clothed the man and the boy. 10. Ann clothed the woman and the girl. 11. John fed the man and the boy. 12. Ann fed the woman and the girl.

XYZ + xy Z.

Z.

Z.

Now, by connecting examples nine and eleven, and also ten and twelve, and again contracting, we have;—

13. John clothed and fed the man and the boy. XYz+ XYz + x YZ + xy Z.

14. Ann clothed and fed the woman and the girl. X Yz + XYz + x YZ + xy Z.

Now, connecting examples 13 and 14, by placing the connector between the sentences, we have the eight simple clauses in one compound sentence. But, if we place the connector between John and Ann, and then contract, we will cause the sentence to state, that John performs two different acts (clothes and feeds), to four different persons (man, boy, woman, and girl), making eight simple statements; and, of course, the same statements are made concerning Ann. So, that the use of this last connector makes the expression equivalent to sixteen simples.

15. John and Ann clothed and fed the man, the woman, the boy, and the girl.

This example illustrates the importance of placing the connector in the proper place.

SPECIAL CONTRACTIONS.

NOTE VI. Sometimes a contraction takes place, when a second object is logically the same as the subject of the next clause. This is especially the case, when the second object is preceded by the relator, for, and the next clause is preceded by a connector signifying cause; as, one of the connectors, for, because, that, etc.

1. He called for me, for I was to go with him.

In this example, we have the second object, me, logically the same as the subject, I, of the next clause; while, the second object, me, has its relation shown by the relator, for; and, the co-ordinate clause, I was to go with him, is joined by the causative connector, for; hence, we may omit for I was, and we have the contracted sentence;

He called for me to go with him.

Under Second Objects, we have already shown, that me to go with him, might be regarded as a sentential second object, having its relation to the predicate, called, shown by the relator, for. We, however, prefer to regard these as contracted sentences; because, when the second object and the following subjects are not logically the same, this contraction cannot occur. Thus;

2. He called for me, for he was to go with me.

3. He sought for books, to enable him to occupy his attention. He sought for books to occupy his attention.

4. The rich man gave money to the poor, that these might be enabled to buy food for their children.

5. At ten, a child; at twenty, wild; at thirty, a wife, if ever; at forty, strong; at fifty, wise; at sixty, rich, or never. 6. I do not know who did it. I do not know the person, who [person] did it.

N. B. The student should now select some piece, worthy of careful study, and study each period, carefully; and, while doing so, expand or amplify the contracted sentences, and ellipticise or contract those not contracted. Take, for instance, the last selection in this Work, "The Ode to the Deity."