17. "Why, for so many a year, has the poet and the philosopher wandered amid the fragments of Athens or of Rome; and paused, with strange and kindling feelings, amid their broken columns, their mouldering temples, their deserted plains? It is because their day of glory is past."

Before the italicised connectors, Commas are understood.

18. "The pride of wealth is contemptible, the pride of learning is pitiable, the pride of dignity is ridiculous, and the pride of bigotry is insupportable."

NOTE XIII. A Comma should be expressed, or understood beforo and after a relative or subjoined sentence.

19. Civilization, which on the whole has never gone backward, is new-shaped and modified by each particular people." 20. "Simple truths, when simply explained, are more easily comprehended, I believe, than is commonly supposed.

NOTE XIV. When a connector, or a word beginning a sentence, is understood, a comma should be used, except it be a very short explanatory clause.

21. "In what school did the Washingtons, Henrys, Hancocks, and Rutledges, of America, learn the principles of civil liberty?"

22. "The cause, I knew not, I diligently searched out."

23. Perfect sincerity, earnestness of manner, a thorough conviction of the truth he utters, extensive knowledge, sound sense, keen sensibility, solid judgment, a great command of language, a correct and graceful elocution, are some of the essentials of oratory, or eloquence.

NOTE XV. The above directions for the use of the Comma, together with what has been said under the other characters, and the exercise of some discretion on the part of the writer as to when he shall insert and when omit, will enable him to use the Comma correctly.

LIT. DEF. The word, quotation,1 means the state or condition of how much.

1 QUOTATION. ation,·

-;t, many, much; quo, how.

192. The QUOTATION [""] is used, when a passage is taken from another narrator in his own words. It consists of two inverted commas at the beginning and two not inverted, or apostrophes, at the end.

24. Christ said, "Suffer little children to come unto me, and forbid them not; for of such is the kingdom of God." 25. "How sleep the brave, who sink to rest

With all their country's wishes bless'd."

NOTE XVI. A Quotation within a Quotation is shown by using one inverted comma at one end and an apostrophe at the other.

26. "Tell me not, in mournful numbers,

'Life is but an empty dream.'"

27. Said the preacher, "My friends; impressed by this dispensation, we can not forbear to exclaim, 'How mysterious are the ways of Providence!' and yet, we shall one day rejoice in view of the wisdom, goodness, and mercy of this very event."

NOTE XVII. When several separate paragraphs are quoted, the two commas are placed at the beginning of each, but the final two are used at the end of the last paragraph only.

28. "No man can be happy who is destitute of good feelings and generous principles.

"No man, who is indifferent to the happiness of others, can possess good feelings and generous principles.

'Therefore, no man can be happy, who is indifferent to the happiness of others."

NOTE XVIII. When merely the substance of another's remark is given, without giving the exact words of the author, the quotations are not to be used; as

29. The speaker said that he believed the story to be true. 30. The speaker said, "I believe the story to be true." LIT. DEF. The word, dash, means that which strikes.

193. The DASH [-] is used; first, instead of words or letters placed elsewhere, or omitted; second, when a lengthy pas

sage is inserted between the parts of a sentence; and third, when an abrupt transition occurs.

31. First. He began by saying ;—

"Can I forget that I have been branded as an outlaw ?" 32. In the village of N-s, in the state of L-, in the year of our Lord, 18—.

33. Second. "What a lesson the word, diligence, contains? How profitable is it for every one of us to be reminded,—as we are reminded, when we make ourselves aware of its deri vation from diligo, to love,—that the only secret of true industry in our work is love of that work!"

34. Third. Love asks gold;-to build a home full of delights for father, mother, wife, children, and

35. Lady Teazle. Nay, you know if you will be angry without any reason, my dear

Sir Peter. There, now you want to quarrel again.

Lady T. No, I am sure I don't.

peevish

But if you will be so

Sir P. There, now! who begins first?

NOTE XIX. The dash is used before an abrupt turn; as,

36. "The king, himself, has followed her

When she has gone before."

NOTE XX. The Dash is used before the repetition of a word, which has just been uttered; and, being repeated emphatically, is called the Echo; as,

37. Compelled by necessity-necessity, the stern parent of invention.

38. Shall I think of heaven-heaven, did I say?

NOTE XXI. In elocution, the Dash is sometimes used to separate the emphatic words; as,

Could

39. "Such are the excuses, which irreligion offers. you have believed that they were so empty-so unworthyso hollow-so absurd?

LIT. DEF. The word, parenthesis,1 means that which takes together.

194. The Marks of PARENTHESIS () include a sentence, a number, or a reference to some other part of the book, not of sufficient importance to be made a connected part of the sentence.

40. "You know, my dear (the words 'my dear' always denote the beginning of a quarrel), that you forgot the clock?"

41. "The play, I remember, pleased not the million; 'twas caviare to the general; but, it was (as I received it, and others, whose judgment, in such matters, cried at the top of mine) an excellent play;-"

NOTE XXII. A Parenthesis, inclosing an interrogative period, throws doubt on a preceding statement; as,

42. He gives out that he is a son of a nobleman (?), and is daily expecting a remittance from home. It may be so (?).

NOTE XXIII. A Parenthesis, inclosing an exclamative period, denotes irony, or contempt; as,—

43. These fellows are reformers (!), philanthropists (!), so are the evil spirits of Pandemonium, and in very much the same way.

44. Yet Brutus says, he was ambitious; and sure, Brutus is an honorable man (!).

LIT. DEF. The word, bracket,2 means arm, branch.

195. The BRACKETS [] are used to inclose an explanation, or the correction of mistakes made by an author, from whom we are quoting; the pronunciations of words; the dates of events; and, frequently, for the same purpose as the marks of parenthesis.

45. "The lover shall not sigh gratis; the humorous man shall end his part in peace; [the clown shall make those laugh, whose lungs are tickled o' the sere;] and the lady shall say her mind freely ;"-[Hamlet.

1 PARENTHESIS. (e)sis, that which; th, puts, places, joins; en, together; par, oqually, as one.

2 BRACKET, et, that which is; brack-brac, an arm, branch.

46. In this year [April, 1775], was fought the battle of Lexington.

47. This series of names present [presents] no new ones. 48. "In the bivouac [bee-voo-ak] of life.”

49. Queen. What wilt thou do? thou wilt not murder me? Help, help, ho!

Polonius. [Behind.] What, ho! help!

Hamlet. How, now! a rat? [Draws.] Dead for a ducat, dead. [Makes a pass through the screen.]

NOTE XXIV. The marks of Parenthesis are used by some instead of the brackets; either is correct.

196. Third. The Characters, used to show abbreviations or contractions, are the Contractive Period, the Apostrophe, the Ditto Marks, the Hyphen, the Brace, the Ellipsis, the Leaders, and the Caret.

197. The CONTRACTIVE Period is used where the first part of the word stands for the whole of the word.

1. "And the earth was without form and void." Gen. c. I., v. 2.

NOTE I. Sometimes a dash may be used instead of the Contractive Period.

LIT. DEF. The word, apostrophe,1 means something turned away.

198. The APOSTROPHE ['] is used where letters are omitted at the beginning, or from the middle of a word, and in the terminations of some adjuncts.

2. 'Twill glide o'er the waters.

3. I'll meet thee in the dungeon's gloom.

4. I saw Henry's table at the Mechanics' Institute.

NOTE II. The Apostrophe is used where more than one letter, sign, or symbol is meant; as,

5. In the word, mississippi, we find one m, four i's, four s's, and two p's.

1 APOSTROPHE. e,; stroph strop, turn; apo, from, away.