6. In 66+666+8-1-111, we find six 6's, two-+'s, two -'s, and four l's.

7. Dot your i's, cross your t's, and make your A's, V's, N's, M's, and W's distinct.

LIT. DEF. The word, ditto,' means said, aforesaid.

199. The DITTO Marks or DOUBLE COMMAS ["] are two inverted commas, placed under a word, to show that it is to be repeated.

LIT. DEF. The word, hyphen,2 means into one.

200. The HYPHEN [-] is used to show that the parts, between which it stands, are to be taken together.

9. The pastry-cook, the clock-maker, and the washerwoman were over-looking the affairs of the organ-grinder.

NOTE III. The Hyphen is used to show the composition, and the syllabication of words; as,

10. Ab-sti-nence is compounded from Abs-tin-ence.

NOTE IV. The Hyphen is used, in its general sense, to join the parts of a word found in two lines.

NOTE V. The Hyphen is used to show peculiar pronunciations; as,— 11. "S-o-l-o-m-o-n is a perpetual calm; should the children, in their play, knock over the tea-table and its contents, he looks quietly up from his book, and drawls out, A-i-n-t y-o-u r-a-t-h-e-r n-o-i-s-y, c-h-i-l-d-r-e-n?'"

NOTE VI. Sometimes, the Hyphen is used to distinguish words; as,

12. Recreation, amusement; re-creation, to make again. 13. White-pine boards must be made from the white pine; but white pine-boards may be made from any kind of pine. 14. Are these, White-pond water-lilies, or white pondwater lilies, or white-pond-water lilies?

1 DITTO. (t)o, that which; dit dic, has been said.
HYPHEN. hen, one; hyp, into, under.

LIT. DEF. The word, brace,1 means an arm or branch.

201. The BRACE [~ parts to one common part.

] is used to join several distinct

NOTE VII. The principle of contraction, by which we use the Brace in the tables, is the same as that, by which we contract compound sentences.

16. John Ann

}

clothed and fed the poor

man.

woman.

child.

202. The Marks of ELLIPSIS [*** or ..] are used to show the omission of letters, words, sentences, paragraphs, chapters, etc.

NOTE VIII. Usually, when the marks are used to show an omission of letters, a point is used for each omitted letter; or, we may use the dash.

17. G****e W********n, I F-n.

1 P

m, and B—n

18. "Brutus. [Opens the letter, and reads.] 'Brutus, thou sleep'st; awake, and see thyself. Shall Rome, &c. Speak, strike, redress! Brutus, thou sleep'st; awake.' **** [To himself-] Such instigations have often been dropped where I have took [taken] them up. Shall Rome, &c. Thus must I piece it out; shall Rome stand under one man's awe? What! Rome?"

LIT. DEF. The word, leader,2 means one who leads.

203. LEADERS [.....] are dotted lines, used to conneɩ! words, at the beginning, with others at the end of the same lines 19. Punctuation

Characters used at the end, etc.

page 154.

155.

LIT. DEF. The word, caret,3 means it wants.

1BRACE. e, like that which; brac, an arm, a branch. See embrace, brackets.

2 LEADER.

er, lead,

SCARET. et, that which; car, wants.

205. Fourth. The Characters, used for reference, are
the Emphasis-Marks, the Division-Marks, and what are
usually called the Reference-Marks.

206. The EMPHASIS-Marks are the HAND or INDEX
[], the ASTERISKS or STARS [***], and the NOTA BENE
[N.B.]. They are used to direct, or to refer the reader to some
special paragraphs.

NOTE IX. The term, Emphasis, as here used, is improperly applied.
These signs have nothing to do with emphatic words, as described in
the Syntax of Sentences.

1.

For sale, at a Bargain-All my real estate.

2. *** “A retired clergyman, whose sands of life have
nearly run out."

207. The DIVISION-Marks are the PARAGRAPH [¶], and
the SECTION [8]. They enable us to refer to different parts of a
book. Formerly, both were used much more than at present.

LIT. DEF. The word, paragraph,1 means written or painted along-
side.

LIT. DEF. The word, section,2 means the condition of that which has
been cut off.

NOTE X. The term, Paragraph, was applied to a title, placed in the
margin to distinguish paragraphs, before they were written separately,

as now.

3.

Avoid all needless repetitions of the same Repetition.
thing in different parts of the discourse. Avoid all need-

Prolixity.

less prolixity in one part to the neglect, or too rapid
disposal of, perhaps, more important parts. ¶ Avoid Multi-
plying explications where there is no difficulty, nor Explica-
darkness, nor danger of mistake."

tions.

PARAGRAPH. graph script, painted, drawn; para, with, alongside.
2 SECTION. tion,· -; sec, has been cut off.

NOTE XI. The Section includes one, or more paragraphs, when they pertain to the same part. The Sections in this work are shown by the bold-faced figures, 1, 2, 3, etc.; the examples and remarks are the paragraphs.

LIT. DEF. The word, reference,1 means the office of that which carries back.

208. The REFERENCE-Marks are used to refer the reader to a note in the side, or at the foot of a page.

209. Reference Marks are divided into SuperiorMarks, and Inferior-Marks.

LIT. DEF. The word, superior,2 means higher.

210. The SUPERIOR-Marks are placed with the word concerning which the reference is made. They are either the letters, a, b, c, d, etc., or the figures, 1, 2, 3, 4, etc., placed at the end, and near the upper part of the word.

LIT. DEF. The word, inferior,3 means belonging to that which is carried below.

211. The INFERIOR-Marks are

notes to which the reference is made. letters, or figures, used as Superiors.

placed at the left of the

They are the same as the

NOTE XII. When only a few notes are given, we use the following six signs in the order, in which they are here given ;—

1. Asterisk, or Star

4. Section

2. Obelisk, or Dagger

3. Double Dagger...

5. Parallel

6. Paragraph .

NOTE XIII. When more than six references are required, some double or treble those given above; as, **, ttt, etc.

212. Fifth. The Punctuations, used in pronunciation, are the Accent-Marks, the Quantity-Marks, the Diaresis, and the Cedilla.

LIT. DEF. The word, accent,4 means that which raises.

I REFERENCE. ence, office of that which; fer-lat, takes, carries; re, back,

again.

2 SUPERIOR.

hence, superior

er, (comparative degree of adjective); super, high, above;

ior
higher.

3 INFERIOR. ior, fer lat,; in, below, among.

4 ACCENT. t, ; cen, raises, kindles; ac ad, up.

213. The ACCENT-Marks are used to show that a peculiar force or stress of the voice is to be given to the syllables over which they are placed

NOTE I.

Accent is, to the syllable in a word, what Emphasis is to a word in a sentence.

214. Accent-Marks are of three kinds; the Acute, the Grave, and the Circumflex.

LIT. DEF. The word, acute,' means sharp.

215. The ACUTE Accent ['] denotes a rising inflection of

the voice.

As, anʼarchy, antip'athy, anticipa'tion.

NOTE II. The Acute Accent, at the end of a clause, shows that the voice rises.

4. See, who comes here'? My countryman'-but yet I know him not'. Horatio, or I do forget myself'.

LIT. DEF. The word, grave,2 means heavy, low.

216. The GRAVE Accent [`] denotes the falling inflection. As, An'archy', antip'athy'.

5. On Linden, when the sun was low',

All bloodless lay the untrodden snow',

And dark as winter was the flow

Of Iser rolling rapidly'.

NOTE III, The Grave Accent is sometimes placed over e, in the suffix of an adjunct word, to show that it must be pronounced; as,

6. Beloved, these things write I to you.

LIT. DEF. The word, circumflex,3 means bending around.

217. The CIRCUMFLEX Accent [^ or~] denotes an upward, followed by a downward inflection of the voice.

1 ACUTE. e, -; t,

2 GRAVE.

acu, sharp, pointed.

e, -; grav, heavy, low.

CIRCUMFLEX. flexflect, that which has been bent, turned; circum-peri

around.