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2. The Alleghanies form a part of the Appalachian System of mountains.

3. The Americans are distinguished for enterprise.

NOTE I. A Proper Noun, used to distinguish a member of a family, is called the Given Name or the Christian Name.

4. George Washington commanded the American armies.

Parsing. George is a proper given or Christian name. It is a given or Christian name; because, it distinguishes one Washington from all other Washingtons.

5. Friday, the twenty-fifth day of December, was Christmas, and the next Friday, the first day of January, was New Year's day. Thanksgiving was on Thursday, and the Fourth (day) of July came on Sunday.

6. Washington's birth-day was celebrated on Monday, Feb. 22, 1858. The procession of citizen-soldiers passed through Broadway, Fourteenth Street, Fourth Avenue, Bowery, Chatham Street, and Park Row; and was reviewed in the City Hall Park.

Common Nouns.

LIT. DEF. The word, common,1 means belonging to many.

36. A COMMON Noun is a noun which may be used to name the whole of a class or kind and, also, each individual of that class or kind.

7. The pupils of this school recite in classes, and each pupil strives to become the best student in the class.

Parsing. Pupil is a common word Noun. It is common, because, it may be used to name the whole class (pupils) and, also, any individual in that class (pupil).

8. Each orator, hero, and statesman of former times has been the type of our modern orators, heroes, and statesmen.

NOTE II. A Noun, signifying one's country or nation, is called a Patrial Noun; signifying one's race, a Gentiles or Generic Noun; sig

1 COMMON. mon, many; com= con, together, alike.

2 PATRIAL. (i)al, belonging to; patr, father.

3 GENTILE. ile, belonging to; t, that which [has]; gen, race.

GENERIC. ic, being, state, condition; ert, ·

-; gen,

nifying one's parentage, a Patronymic1 Noun or a Family name or a Surname."

9. The Spaniards and the French are Celts; the Germans are Goths.

Parsing. Spaniards is a patrial common Noun. It is patrial, because it shows the country to which the people named belong.

Celts is a generic common Noun. It is generic, because it shows the race to which the people named belong.

10. The Washingtons do not form a numerous family in the United States.

Parsing.

Washingtons is a patronymic common Noun; because, it shows parentage or family.

NOTE III. Patrial, Patronymic, and Generic Nouns are to be considered Proper Nouns, when they signify the whole class or kind distinguished from others of the same species, or when they distinguish an individual from the class to which that individual belongs.

11. An Englishman, a Scotchman, and an Irishman were discussing the common sense of their respective nationalities, when the Englishman suggested a test, to which the Scotchman and the Irishman readily assented.

NOTE IV. Patrial and Patronymic Nouns become Common Nouns when they signify a part of the kind named, and, at the same time, may be applied to the other part.

12. We meet Americans in England, Englishmen in France, Frenchmen in Turkey, Turks in Algiers, Algerines in Spain, and Spaniards in America.

13. Edward, the Pretender, was a Stuart.

NOTE V. Instances sometimes occur, in which, it is difficult to distinguish whether the noun is a Proper, or a Common Noun; hence, it must be decided according to the judgment of the student.

37. Second Classification of Nouns. According to their uses or offices in sentences, Nouns are divided into four kinds; Subject Nouns, Object Nouns, Adjunct Nouns, and Exclamative or Appellative Nouns.

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Subject Nouns.

38. A SUBJECT Noun is a word, a phrase, or a clause, used as the subject of a sentence.

NOTE I. In the examination of a Subject Noun, the student should notice whether it is the Subject Noun of an independent, or of a dependent sentence. Generally, this fact should be stated.

EXAMPLES.

1. James sent a trusty messenger with the message.

Parsing. James is a subject proper word Noun. It is a subject Noun, because, it is the subject of a sentence.

2. The Star-spangled Banner was sung by all.

Special Analysis. The Star-spangled Banner is a subject common phrase Noun. It is a subject Noun, because it is used as the subject of a sentence.

3. "Mind your business" is stamped in raised letters on one side of this coin.

T fST

Sf.

Parsing. "Mind your business," is a subject common clause Noun. It is a subject Noun, because, etc.

4. "Travellers are invited to call here" was inscribed over the door.

Object Nouns.

39. An OBJECT Noun is a word, a phrase, or a clause, used as an object of an affirmer.

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Parsing. Food is an object common word Noun. It is an object Noun, because it is used as an object in a sentence.

NOTE II. Sometimes, Nouns should be distinguished as First Object Nouns, and as Second Object Nouns. Thus, in the previous example, food is a first object Noun; poor is a second object Noun.

6. The assembly sang "The Star-Spangled Banner."

Parsing. The Star-Spangled Banner is a first object Noun, because it is a phrase used as a first object in a sentence.

7. We ended our musical entertainment with "Auld Lang Syne,"

Parsing. Auld Lang Syne is a second object common phrase Noun. It is a second object Noun, because it is a phrase used as a second object in a sentence.

8. The passenger desired the captain to stop the boat.

9. The daughter's affection for her father was shown by her providing for his comfort.

Adjunct Nouns.

40. An ADJUNCT Noun is an adjunct word, phrase, or clause.

10. The mother's care of her daughter's happiness was emulated by the daughter in caring for the happiness of her mother.

Parsing. Mother's is an adjunct common word Noun. It is an adjunct Noun, because it is a word, used in a sentence, as an adjunct. Daughter's is an adjunct Noun, because, etc.

Happiness [of happiness] is an adjunct common word Noun. It is an adjunct Noun, because, etc.

11. Who was the author of "The Star-spangled Banner?

Parsing. The Star-spangled Banner is an adjunct proper phrase Noun. It is an adjunct Noun, because it is a phrase, used in the sentence, as an adjunct of author, to which its relation is shown by of.

12. What are the chances of your brother's recovering his property?

Your brother's recovering his property is an adjunct common clause Noun. It is an adjunct Noun, because it is used as an adjunct of its principal word, chances.

Exclamative or Appellative Nouns.

LIT. DEF. The word, appellative,1 means like that which is touched. 41. An EXCLAMATIVE or APPELLATIVE Noun is one which is used in a sentence either as an exclamative, or as the name of a person addressed.

13. Roger, come here, sir.

Parsing. Roger is an appellative proper word Noun. It is an appellative Noun, because it is the name of the narratee.

'APPELLATIVE. ative, -; pell, touched, pushed; ap- ad, at, against.

14. Would I had died for thee, O Absalom, my Son! my Son!

Absalom is an exclamative proper word Noun. It is an exclamative Noun, because, etc.

15. O Virtue! how amiable thou art.

16. The wounded man exclaimed, "I am hurt! I am dying.” 17. A Daniel! A Daniel come to judgment! I thank thee, Jew, for teaching me that word.

To the Student. The following Notes are inserted, because they explain terms which are frequently used by the grammarians. Scientifically considered, they are absurdities.

NOTE III. Nouns, naming things, which have a sensible existence or are material, are sometimes called Nouns Substantive or Substantive Nouns, or simply Substantives.

18. John struck the horse with a whip.

John is a subject Noun; horse and whip are object Nouns, each naming an idea of a material thing or object; hence, they are called substantive Nouns or substantives.

NOTE IV. Nouns, naming the qualities or properties of things, are sometimes called Nouns Adjective or Adjective Nouns.

19. Neatness, conciseness, and directness are the essentials of strength and clearness in style.

NOTE V. When the affirmer only of a contracted sentence is used as a subject or as an object, it is sometimes called a Verbal Noun. If the affirmer end in ing, it is called a Participial Verbal Noun.

20. To err, is human, to forgive, divine.

21. Failing is oftener the result of doubting, than of attempting the performance of difficulties.

NOTE VI. Adjective and Verbal Nouns are called Abstract Nouns. 22. Faith, hope, and charity are Christian graces.

The Attributes or Properties of Nouns.

42. Third, the ATTRIBUTES of Nouns, and the MEANS of KNOWING them. Nouns have four Attributes or Properties; called, Gender, Person, Number, and Case.

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