8. The man is said to have come.

He is said to have come.

The subject Noun, man, although apparently in the Nominative Case, is, really in the Objective Case. It has the nominative or independent form, to show that the whole complex sentence is independent of any other sentence. The real form of the sentence is, the man to have come is said -; him to have come is said

9. The Alleghanies are supposed by some persons to be older than the Rocky Mountains. Some persons suppose the Alleghany to be older than the Rocky Mountains.

Objective Case.

65. The OBJECTIVE Case is a rhetorical attribute given, first, to all object nouns; and second, to subject nouns of clauses dependent in form, and to subject nouns of some second object and of some adjunct clauses.

10. We saw the children with the boy in the park. We saw them with him in the park.

Parsing. Children is an object common Noun; common gender, third person, plural number. It has the rhetorical attribute, objective Case; because, it is an object Noun.

11. The students were singing "The Homes of our Childhood."

Parsing. The Homes of our Childhood is a phrase object proper Noun; neuter, third, singular. It has the attribute, objective Case, because, it is an object Noun.

12. A serenader sings, "Meet me by Moonlight."

Parsing. Meet me by Moonlight is a clause object proper Noun ; neut., th., sing., objective Case.

NOTE III. Many attribute the Objective Case to a clause second object. This practice is undoubtedly correct, although it is contrary to the general usage. "In that good time coming," when those principles upon which the correct use of Language depends, shall be fully developed and be made familiar, the Objective Case will, without doubt, always be attributed to subject Nouns of second object clauses and also of adjunct clauses.

13. There is no excuse for him talking to me in that way.

Parsing. Him talking to me in that way is a clause second object

Noun; related by for to the affirmer, is. Its subject, personated by him, is in the objective Case, to show that its clause is dependent.

14. What do you think of her dressing so extravagantly?

Vocative Case.

LIT. DEF. The word, vocative,' means like that which calls.

66. The VOCATIVE Case is attributed to an exclamative or appellative noun, when its true case can not be distinguished.

NOTE IV. The Vocative Case is sometimes called the Absolute Case, the Independent Case, or the Nominative Absolute. The term, Absolute, is meaningless as here used; because, a Noun can have no Case unless it has some use or office in the sentence.

15. "An arrant rogue !" said the knight, musingly.

The exclamative Noun, rogue, has the attribute vocative Case; because, the narratee cannot know its use or office.

16. Halloa, there! William!

The appellative Noun, William, has the vocative Case; because, no means are given by which to know its use or office in the sentence. That is, whether the narrator intended, I want William; or, William, look here.

Possessive Case.

LIT. DEF. The word, possessive," means like that which puts, limits, keeps.

67. The POSSESSIVE Case is a rhetorical attribute given ; first, to adjunct nouns; and second, to subject nouns of some second object and, also, of some adjunct clauses.

17. A man's life is not the most valuable part of his pos

sessions.

Parsing. Man's is an adjunct common Noun; masc., third, sing. It has the rhetorical attribute, possessive Case; because, it is an adjunct Noun.

Possessions is Noun; neut., third, plu. It has the attribute, possessive Case; because, it is an adjunct Noun.

18. Can you sing any part of "Home, Sweet Home?"

1 VOCATIVE. (a)tive, ·; voc➡ vok➡voic, calls, speaks, talks. evoke, vocation, avocation.

See voice,

2 POSSESSIVE. ive, —; 8- —; posses, has been placed, or owned.

The phrase adjunct Noun, Home, Sweet Home, is in the possessive Case.

19. My brother's wife's father's partners' houses were burned last night.

20. The houses of the partners of the father of the wife of my brother were burned last night.

21. The houses of the partners of my brother's wife's father were burned last night.

NOTE V. Grammarians usually attribute the Objective Case to an adjunct Noun related by of. No good reason for this can be given. This error originated thus ;

The fact was observed that second object Nouns have the Objective Case, and that all second object Nouns are related to predicates by relators; hence, was asserted the general dogma, "A Noun or Pronoun, used as the object of a Preposition, must be in the Objective Case." Overlooking the two facts; first, that a preposition may be used to show the relation of an adjunct Noun to its principal; second, of a verb in the infinitive mode to its subject; and, that this dogma requires an adjunctive Noun to be in the Objective Case, and it also requires a verb in the infinitive mode to be in the Objective Case. (See Prepositions.)

NOTE VI. The Possessive Case is frequently attributed to some subject Nouns of some second object and, also, of some adjunct clauses.

22. He spoke of the man's [man] going to Europe.

Parsing. The man's going to Europe is a second object clause Noun, related by of to the predicate, spoke. It is neuter, etc. Man's is a subject common Noun, of the second object clause, the man's going to Europe; masc., th.. sing. It has the possessive Case, by common use.

NOTE VII. The attribute, Case, seems to have had its origin as a means of distinguishing the sentences and clauses of paragraphs, which were written continuously or without capitals and punctuations. That is, when the offices of words were distinguished by the modifications of words and by their position in the sentences. Thus ;

23. Romans friends countrymen and lovers lend me your ears hear me for my cause and be silent that ye may hear.

Parsing. Romans is an appellative subject Noun. It has the rhetorical attribute, vocative Case; because, it is either a subject, or an object Noun.

Friends has the vocative Case; because, it has the same use or office; or, is in apposition or synonymous with Romans.

The MEANS of KNOWING the CASES of Nouns..

68. The Cases of Nouns may be known in two ways;

First. By the use or office of the Noun, in a sentence. By its use or office in a sentence, the Case of a Noun, in any language, may be known. In the English language, the use or office of the Noun is the only means, by which, the Nominative and Objective Cases may be known.

NOTE VIII. The Vocative Case is used to accommodate those instances, in which, the use or office of an exclamative or appellative Noun cannot be distinctly ascertained. Hence, when the Vocative Case is attributed to a Noun, it is simply attributing to it the Nominative, or the Objective Case.

Second. By a suffix modification; or, by a relator, used to show the Possessive Case. The suffix modification is the apostrophe and s ['s], or the apostrophe ['] only.

69. PRINCIPLE. If the noun end in CE, S, or X, the APOSTROPHE only is suffixed; but, if the noun do not end in CE, S, or X, the APOSTROPHE and s are suffixed.

Exceptions.-The Apostrophe and s ['s] are sometimes used to denote the plural number.

24. The parents' fondness for wealth is greater than the children's fondness for it.

25. For peace' and for conscience' sake, restrain desire. 26. This man's account of the matter, confirms the other men's account of it.

27. Who bore, by turns, Ajax' seven-fold shield.

NOTE IX. Some suffix the s with the apostrophe to Nouns ending in ce, s, or x. The practice should be condemned on account of its cacophony.

28. Mrs. Hemans's fine lines on the death of Fergus.

The Declension of the Noun.

70. Fourth, the DECLENSION of the Noun.

LIT. DEF. The word, declension, means the condition of that which slants or inclines.

71. The DECLENSION of the Noun is the mode of showing its attributes, NUMBER, CASE, and the modifications belonging to these attributes.

NOTE I. The Vocative Case has the same form as the Nominative and Objective Cases; hence, it need not be stated in the Declension.

hundred's, of hundred Hundred, -ds hundred, dreds', of

Hundred
Thousand
8, t, + of 8, of t, of +

The plural of letters, numbers, signs, &c., which is formed by adding the apostrophe and s, must be distinguished from the same signs when used to denote the Possessive Case.

I DECLENSION. яion, -; clen, slants, leans, obliques; de, from, away. This name may have been derived from the mode, in which, the Declension of the Noun was written, and may explain why the Nominative Case was called the Princip. Case, the others, the Oblique Cases.