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Thoughts.

29. The word, thought,' means that which creates; or, has been created.

The term, THOUGHT, is the name given to two or more ideas having the relation of cause and effect; and, to combinations of these.

30. Thoughts are classified; first, according to their immediate elements; second, according to their relation to each other.

31. First Classification. According to their immediate elements, Thoughts are of two kinds; Simple, and Compound.

Simple Thoughts.

32. The word, simple," means without fold.

A SIMPLE Thought is a thought whose immediate elements are either ideas or groups of ideas, having co-ordinate relations.

33. The ideas, forming a Simple Thought, are of two kinds; Primary, and Secondary.

34. The word, primary,3 means belonging to the first.

The PRIMARY Ideas of a thought are those which have coordinate relations. They form a thought when taken alone.

EXAMPLES.

Primary Idea.

Primary Idea.

Primary Idea.

1. Dutiful children carefully heed their parent's instructions.

In example, 1, children, heed, instructions, are primary ideas, because they form a thought, or make sense, when taken alone, or without any Secondary ideas.

35. Primary Ideas are of three kinds; known as First, Second, and Third Primary Ideas.

36. The FIRST Primary Idea is the idea of the Agent, Actor, Doer, Existor, etc., or of that which causes or produces the action. Hence, it is often called the Actor.

1 THOUGHT. (ou)ght, that which, one who; th, creates, arranges, guides; or, [has been] created. See single,

23.

SIMPLE. 6, something; pl, leaf, fold, ply; sim — sine, without.

PRIMARY. ary, state of, office of; prim, first.

NOTE I. It is called the First Primary Idea because in every thought an idea of an actor must precede an idea of acting or of doing; an idea of a maintainer or existor must precede an idea of a state of existence which is maintained; that is, an idea of an actor must precede an idea of an action.

2. The house1 stands near the river.

3. Vinegar1 is sour.

4. The sky' is clear.

5. Four-footed animals1 are quadrupeds.1

In the above examples, the First primary ideas, house, vinegar, etc., are denoted by the superior, 1.

6. The Creator' gave mood language to all animals.

7. Mood language was given to all animals by the Creator,1

8. Man' uses thought language.

9. Thought language is used by man.'

10. Students' love study.

11. Study is loved by students.'

12. This fine old mansion was built by the king's father.'

37. The SECOND Primary Idea is the idea of the Action, or State of Existence. Hence, it is called the Action.

NOTE II. The Second Primary Idea is so called because an idea of an action or state of existence must always be preceded by an idea of an actor or existor.

13. Boys' walk."

14. Thought language' distinguishes men from brutes.

15. (The skilful use of language) is the greatest of human powers.

In ex., 15, we have a group of ideas, the skilful use of language, used as the first primary idea.

16. Some men are influenced by reason."

In the above examples, the Second primary ideas are named by the words, walk, distinguishes, is, are influenced, and are denoted by the superior, 2.

17. Runs he? He runs. Does he run? He does run. Is he running? He is running.

Dost

18. Scornest thou these things? I scorn them. thou scorn these things? I do scorn them. Art thou scorning these things? I am scorning them. Are these things scorned by thee? These things are scorned by me.

38. The THIRD Primary Idea is the idea of that which re ceives the action. Hence, it is called the Receiver.

NOTE III. The Third Primary Idea is so called because no idea of a receiver of an action can exist without an idea of the previous existence of an action, and, of course, of an actor.

19. All students' (should study) thought-language3 diligently.

20. Thought-language (should be studied) diligently by all students.1

21. Mary's books (were put) into her desk.

In ex., 21, the First primary idea or Actor is understood. Since the books were put in the desk, we know some one must have put them there.

22. William' received the money.3

23. William' put the money into his pocket.

NOTE IV. Notice carefully the difference between the receiver of an action and the receiver of something which is not an action. Thus, in the example, William put the money into his pocket, money is the receiver of the action, put; therefore, the Third primary idea; while, pocket receives money, which is not an action; therefore pocket is not a primary idea.

39. SECONDARY Ideas are those which are of less importance than the primaries to which they are related. They do not form a thought when taken alone.

24. Dutiful children carefully heed their parents' instructions. In ex., 24, the Secondary ideas are, dutiful, carefully, their parents'; they do not form a thought when used alone.

NOTE V. A Primary idea with its Secondaries forms a group of ideas, of which the primary idea is the Principal; hence, we see that a thought may be composed of primary ideas ouly, or it may be com posed of groups of ideas.

NOTE VI. The First primary, with its Secondaries, if any occur, is called the First part of the thought; the Second primary with its Secondaries, the Second part of the thought; the Third primary, with its Secondaries, the Third part of the thought.

NOTE VII. The First primary idea is sometimes called the primary idea in the first part of the thought; the Second primary, the primary idea in the second part of the thought; the Third primary idea, the primary idea in the third part of the thought.

40. Simple thoughts are of two kinds; those having first, second and third parts, and those having first and second parts only.

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25. COLUMBUS discovered America.

In ex., 25, we have a Simple thought of three parts; first part, Columbus; second part, discovered; third part, America.

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First P. 2d P.

First.

Second.

27. BIRDS fly. SOME BIRDS fly very swiftly.

In the ex., some birds fly very swiftly, we have a simple thought of two parts; first part consisting of the first primary idea or actor, birds, and the secondary idea, some; the second part, of the second primary idea or action, fly, and the secondary ideas, very swiftly, of which, swiftly is related to the primary, fly, and very is related to the secondary, swiftly.

28. THE VERY BEST BOOK OF ALL BOOKS (First P.) imparts to man (Second P.) the most truly blessed consolations (Third P.).

Compound Thoughts.

41. The word, compound,' means something weighed together.

A COMPOUND Thought is a thought whose immediate elements are thoughts.

NOTE I. An immediate element of a compound thought is a Coordinate of another element having the same rank or order; it is a subordinate when compared with an element of a higher rank, and a principal or leading thought when compared to its subordinate.

42. The Immediate Elements of a Compound Thought are joined in two ways; first, by an Idea of Connection; second, by using an Entire Thought as an idea only.

43. The word, connection, means the state or office of that which binds together.

An IDEA OF CONNECTION is an idea caused by comparing two thoughts as to resemblance, contrast, or cause and effect. (See Chap. VI., Comparison.)

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+ F S T

1. Men dig the earth and men sow grain.

▾ COMPOUND. d, that which [is]; poun- pond, weighed; com con, together.

Ex., 1, is a compound thought formed of the co-ordinate simple thoughts, men dig the earth, men sow grain, between which an idea of connection is caused by finding the same first primary idea, men, in both. It may be represented by FST+F ST.

2. These boys stand and these boys walk and these boys FS+FS+FS.

run.

3. Ice is melted by heat and water is evaporated by heat. 3 2 1 3 2 1.

4. The moon moves round the earth and the earth moves round the sun.

In ex., 4, the same second primary idea, moves, is found in both element thoughts; hence, the idea of connection arises from the resemblance of these two thoughts.

5. Men build temples and time destroys them.

The idea of connection, in ex., 5, arises from the resemblance caused by having the same third primary idea. X Y Z + X Y Z

6. The horse was feeding in the field, and the man was passing by the field.

The resemblance between these simple thoughts is in the secondary ideas, the field; hence, the idea of connection between them.

NOTE II. Between the co-ordinate simple thoughts, the horse was feeding in the field, the man was passing by the house, no idea of connection arises because they have points neither of resemblance nor of contrast; hence, they remain two simple thoughts.

7. Men build temples but time destroys them.

In ex., 7, the idea of connection arises from the contrast between the second primary ideas, build, destroys; while, in ex., 5, it arose from their resemblance through the third primary idea.

8. Sorrow comes at night but joy comes in the morning. Sorrow comes at night and joy comes in the morning.

If we compare the simple thoughts, sorrow comes at night, joy comes in the morning, as to their first primary ideas, sorrow, joy; or, as to their secondary ideas, at night, in the morning, the idea of connection arises from their contrast, and we have;-Sorrow comes at night but joy comes in the morning. If we compare them as to the second primary idea, comes, the idea of connection arises from their resemblance, and we have;-Sorrow comes at night and joy comes in the morning.

9. It rained yesterday, therefore the plants are growing to. day. The plants are growing to-day because it rained yester day. 1 2 1 2.

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