The bad effects of the assertion about who and which have been and now are to give an ungrammatical appearance to all Standard Works in the English language, which were written before and during the earlier part of the seventeenth century; and, thus have made it necessary, either that these Standard Works should be corrected (!) or, that this strange assertion should be abandoned.

In these Standard Works, numerous expressions like the following are found;

47. Art thou greater than our father Jacob, which gave us the well?

48. Our Father, which art in heaven. Our Father, who art in heaven.

143. A Designative is used INTERROGATIVELY, when it is used in asking questions.

49. Whose house is that? Which of these houses is yours? What means will secure your object?

NOTE XVII. Designatives, used Interrogatively, may, at the same time, be used definitely, or they may be used relatively; except who, which must always be used relatively.

50. Which girl prefers to do this? Which [girl] of these girls prefers to do this?

51. Which horse may I ride? Ans. Swiftfoot.

Which horse may I ride? Swiftfoot is the horse, which horse you may ride.

52. Who is my neighbor?

53. What villains now disturb our rest? Ans. Rowdies. Answer. Rowdies are the villains, which villains now disturb your

rest.

54. What object is that? Ans. A man [is that object]. 55. To which lady did you give the book, and to which of the children shall I give this fruit?

144. A Designative is used DISTRIBUTIVELY, when it sig nifies that a collection of objects must be taken singly.

56. Equal rations were given to each soldier of the regi

ment.

Parsing. Each is a Designative, used distributively; because, it signifies that each individual (soldier) of a group (regiment) is meant.

57. He called his servants and gave to each

his charge.

58. Every pupil in the room knew the lesson perfectly.

NOTE XVIII. Every, like a or an and the, requires, either that its consequent, or that an adjunct of its consequent, be expressed. Hence, every, as a Distributive, cannot be used relatively.

59. He gives to every one [person] liberally.

60. In the married state, the same rights naturally belong to either [or each] party; neither party having the right to

govern the other ; nor is either bound to obey the other

-implicitly.

NOTE XIX. Either and neither designate one of two objects; as,61. Either of the two boys will answer my purpose. Faulty. May either of the four boys go? Say, may any, etc. NOTE XX. Other is often used in opposition to one; as,

62. Here are two books; one is mine, the other is yours.

NOTE XXI. The individual thing, designated by a Distributive followed by one, is always regarded as the third person, and the singular number.

63. Every one of us is an individual.

64. Each of you is implicated in this transaction.

65. Each feeling, each thought, and each act of life makes its impress on the character.

66. Every season has its own pleasures, differing in kind from the others; but the same in its purpose.

NOTE XXII. Many followed by an or a, has a Distributive signification.

67. Full many a flower is born to blush unseen, and waste its sweetness on the desert air.

145. Designatives are sometimes used CORRELATIVELY ; especially, in questions and their answers.

68. Which road shall I take? This road

; the other road ·

;

that road

In this example, which and this are used correlatively; because, which refers to this, and this refers to which. (See Subordinate Connec tors.)

NOTE XXIII. When this, these, and that, those, are used Correlatively, this and these designate the nearer of two objects; while, that and those designate the more remote of two objects.

70. This boy may take a seat here with these boys; that boy may take a seat there with those boys.

146. Those, who use the as a Definite Article, call an or a, an Indefinite Article, according to the following;

Theory of Articles.

I. An Article is an adjunct, used to point out a noun, or to limit its meaning.

II. There are two kinds of Articles; the Definite and the Indefinite. III. The Definite Article is used to point out some particular object or class of objects. The is the only word used as a Definite Article. 1. This is the boy, whom I sent to call the men.

Analysis; The is used to point out boy; therefore, it is a Definite Article. See Analysis under example fifty-six.

IV. The Indefinite Article is used to limit the noun to one, of its kind, but to no particular one. An or a is the only Indefinite Article.

a. An is used before a vowel, before a silent h, and before h, when the word is not accented on the first syllable.

2. An artist painted a picture of an hippopotamus in an hour.

Analysis; An is found in the producer; it is used to limit the meaning of artist to a single one; therefore, it is an Indefinite Article.

b. A is used before a word beginning with a consonant, or whose pronunciation commences with a consonant sound.

3. At a wedding there should be a union [yunyun] of hearts.

Thus, we see that the Definite Article the is a Designating Adjective, used Definitely; and that the Indefinite Article, an or a, is a Descriptive Adjective showing quantity or number. They agree in this one respect only; neither of them is ever used except the noun to which it belongs, or an adjunct of its noun, is expressed after it.

Many use the Theory of Articles, and many do not. We insert it; first, for the convenience of those who prefer to continue the use of it; and second, for the information of such of our own readers, as may have occasion to discuss it, or to use it otherwise.

Attributes and Means of Knowing Them.,

147. Third, the ATTRIBUTES of Adjectives, and the MEANS of KNOWING them. Some Adjectives have the Attributes, Number and Case.

Number.

148. The NUMBER of an Adjective is sometimes; first, a logical attribute which an Adjective expresses or takes from its own meaning; second, a rhetorical attribute which an Adjective derives from the number of its noun.

Number, as a Logical Attribute.

149. Number, as a logical attribute, belongs to Adjectives expressing quantity; of which, we have; first, those expressing Definite Quantities, or Numeral Adjective; and second, those expressing Indefinite Quantities.

EXAMPLES.

1. Definite Quantities. One man, in his time, plays many parts; his acts being seven ages.

Parsing. One is a descriptive common Adjective; or, one is a numeral Adjective of the cardinal kind. One has the logical attribute, singular Number; because, it signifies a single individual.

Seven is a numeral Adjective of the cardinal kind. It has the logical attribute, plural Number; because, it means more than one.

2. The tenth pupil may read the first paragraph; the seventh pupil may read the fifth paragraph.

Parsing. Tenth is a numeral Adjective of the ordinal kind. It has the logical attribute, singular Number; because, it signifies but one.

NOTE I. A numeral Adjective of the ordinal kind, has the Singular Number, logically, and it may have the Plural Number, rhetorically.

3. Which is the greater, three fourth parts of twelve, or four fifth parts of ten? Which is the greater, three fourths of twelve, or four fifths of ten ?

The ordinals, fourth, fifth, have the logical attribute, singulur Number; while, the ordinals, fourths, fifths, have the rhetorical attribute. plural Number.

4. Indefinite Quantities. A man, who has any reason, would prefer a few good books to many bad ones.

Parsing. A is a descriptive Adjective of quantity definite. It has the logical attribute, singular Number; because, etc.

Many is a descriptive Adjective of quantity indefinite. It has the logical attribute, plural Number; because, etc.

Number, as a Rhetorical Attribute.

5. This basket contains the fruit of these trees; that basket contains the fruit of those trees.

Parsing. This is a designative, used definitely, as an Adjective of basket. It has the rhetorical attribute, singular Number; because, by its form, it shows that the singular number is an attribute of its noun. These has the rhetorical attribute, plural Number; because, by its form, it shows that its noun has this attribute.

6. One man came this way; the other men went the other way.

7. One man came this way; the others went the other way.

Parsing. Others is a designative, used relatively, as an adjective of men, understood. It has the rhetorical attribute, plural Number, to show that its noun, man, understood, has this attribute.

8. Nine tenth parts of a dollar are equal to nine tenths of a dollar.

The Adjective, tenth, has the logical attribute, singular Number; while, tenths has the rhetorical attribute, plural Number; because, it shows, by the suffix modification, s, the number of its noun, parts, understood.

NOTE II. In the English, when an Adjective, by a suffix modification, shows the Plural Number of its noun, the noun itself is not expressed.

9. His fortune is eight ninth parts of his brother's. His fortune is eight ninths of his brother's.

Not used. His fortune is eight ninths parts of his brother's.

In the Latin, in the Greek, and in other languages, Adjectives, showing the Number of their nouns, are used when their nouns are expressed.