Simple Forms. Active Voice of the Verb, to BE.

Simple Forms.

Inter. Had I loved?
Resp. I had loved.

Active Voice
Hadst thou loved?
Thou hadst loved.

Had he, she, or it been? etc.
He, she, or it had been. etc.

Had he, she, or it loved? etc.
He, she, or it had loved. etc.

Periphrastic Forms. Active Voice of the Verb, to

Inter. Had I been loving?
Resp. I had been loving.

Hadst thou been pr3?
Thou hadst been pr3.

Periphrastic Forms.

Inter. Had I been loved?
Resp. I had been loved.

-.

Had he, she, or it
He, she, or it had

Passive Voice of the Verb, to —.
Hadst thou been pr4?
Thou hadst been pr.

EXAMPLES.

Had he, she, or it—?
He, she, or it had

1. They had been there some time before you went.

Had been has the second definite past or the pluperfect Tense. It is definite; because it is limited by a Tense of the auxiliary Verb, to have. It is past, because, etc.

271. The Second Definite Past Tense of the Potential Mode has the Simple, and the Periphrastic Forms. Its Simple Form is made by using the fourth prin. part as the principal Verb, with might have, could have, would have, should have, as auxiliaries. Its Periphrastic Form is made according to General Rule II.

Inter.

Resp.

Inter.

Simple Forms. Active Voice of the Verb, to BE.
Might, could, would, or should I have been?
Mightst, couldst, wouldst, or shouldst thou have been?
Might, could, would, or should he, she, or it — ? etc.
I might, could, would, or should have been.

Thou mightst, couldst, wouldst, or shouldst have been.
He, she, or it might, could, would, or should have been. etc.

Periphrastic Forms. Active Voice of the Verb, to

Might, could, would, or should I have been reading?
Mightst, couldst, wouldst, or shouldst thou have been reading?
Might, could, would, or should he have been reading? etc..

Resp

Inter.

Resp. {

I might, could, would, or should have been reading.
Thou mightst, couldst, wouldst, or shouldst have been reading.
He might, could, would, or should have been reading.
Periphrastic Forms. Passive Voice of the Verb, to ―.

{Might, could, would, or should I have been known?

couldst, wouldst, or thou have been known? etc.

I might, could, would or should have been -ed; or, Thou mightst, couldst, wouldst, or ——— - have been known. etc. 272. The Second Definite Past of the Subjunctive Mode is the same as the Responsive Forms of the Second Definite Past Tense of the Indicative Mode, and also of the Potential. They are known by being used in a clause joined to another clause by a subordinate connector.

2. If he had not proceeded so far, we should have overtaken him.

N. B.-Now let the student give Synopses of the Second Definite Past or the Pluperfect Tense.

THE DEFINITE FUTURE, OR THE SECOND FUTURE, OR THE FUTURE TENSE.

273. The DEFINITE FUTURE, or the SECOND FUTURE, or the FUTURE Tense is attributed to a verb, when the time of the principal verb will occur after the time of the narration, and is limited by a future tense of the auxiliary verb, to HAVE.

NOTE I. This Tense is often called the "Future Perfect."

274. The Definite Future Tense is used in two Modes; namely, the Indicative, and the Subjunctive, derived from the Indicative; as follows,

275. The Definite Future Tense of the Indicative Mode has the Simple, and the Periphrastic Forms. Its Simple Form is made by using the fourth prin. part as the principal Verb, with shall have, will have, as auxili.

Periphrastic Forms. Passive Voice of the Verb, to

Shall, or will I have been hated?

Inter. {Shalt, or wilt thou have been pr1? etc.

I shall, or will have been pr4.

Resp. {Thou shalt, or wilt have been pr. etc.

EXAMPLES.

1. He will have been there five days already.

shall have been conquered, peace will be restored.

After they

276. The Definite Future Tense of the Subjunctive, derived from the Indicative, is the same as the Responsive Forms of the Definite Future Tense of the Indicative Mode; from which it is distinguished by being used in a clause joined to another clause by a subordi

nate connector.

2. Unless the students shall have studied diligently, they will not be able to recite their lessons.

N. B.-Now let the student give Synopses of the Definite Future or the Second Future Tense.

MEANS of KNOWING the TENSES of Verbs.

277. The Tenses of Verbs may be known in six ways;

First. The Present Tense is shown by using either the verb-root alone; or, by using the third prin. part alone; by one of the auxiliaries, do, doest, dost, does, doeth, doth, may, can, must, am, is, art, are. (See Present Tense.)

Second. The Indefinite Past Tense is shown by using the second prin. part alone; and, also, by using one of the auxiliaries, did, didst, might, could, would, should, was, wast, wert, were.

Third. The Indefinite Future is shown by using the auxiliaries, shall, wilt.

Fourth. The First Definite Past Tense is shown by using the auxiliaries, have, hast, hath, may have, can have, must have.

Fifth. The Second Definite Past Tense is shown by using the auxiliaries, had, hadst, might have, could have, would have, should have.

Sixth. The Definite Future Tense is shown by using the auxiliaries, shall have, will have.

Conjugation of the Verb.

278. Fourth, the CONJUGATION of the Verb.

LIT. DEF. The word, conjugation' means the science and art of that which yokes together.

279. The CONJUGATION of a Verb is an arrangement showing the classes to which a verb belongs, and also, its different attributes or properties.

1 CONJUGATION. ation, - ; jug — junc —junx, yokes; con,

NOTE I. The results, produced by the conjugation of the Verb, are called the Paradigm1 of the Verb.

280. A Verb may be Conjugated in two ways; first, according to its tense or Tense-wise; and second, according to its mode or Mode-wise.

281. A Verb is conjugated according to its Tense or TENSE-WISE, when each tense is given through all its modes.

Thus, the Verb, to Write, is Conjugated tense-wise; first, by giving its Present Tense through the Infinitive, the Indicative, the Imperative, the Potential, and the Subjunctive Modes; second, by giving its Indefinite Past Tense, etc., through the Indicative, etc.

282. A Verb is Conjugated according to its Mode or MODEWISE, when each mode is given through all the tenses, in which that mode is used.

Thus, the Verb, to Write, is Conjugated mode-wise, when; first, its Infinitive is given through its Present, and Definite Past Tenses; second, when its Participial is given through its Present, and its Definite Past Tenses; third, when its Indicative is given through its Present, Past, and Future Tenses, etc.

NOTE II. In the following Paradigm, the Conjugation of the Irregular Verb, to Be, is given with the Conjugation of the Regular Verb, to Love. To these should be added the Conjugation of an Irregular Verb. For this purpose, the Verb, to Write, is well suited, on account of the difference between its second principal part, wrote, and its fourth principal part, written. Students, reviewing this Conjugation, will be profited by substituting an Irregular Verb for the Verb, to Love.

NOTE III. In the following Conjugation, the word, direct, is used in place of the term, Responsive. The term, Direct, being applied to a Responsive, and a Declarative or Historic sentence. At the option of the teacher, the term, Responsive, may be substituted for the term, Direct, when the Interrogative is given.

1 PARADIGM. digm, example, model, forms; para, as, for,