4. Mode.

manner, etc.

Thus have mankind lived and died. In this

5. So conduct thyself that thou live not like a bankrupt in spirits.

311. Adverbs of TIME show when, or how often an act occurs, or exists; as, present, past, future, relative, absolute, and occasional time.

6. Interrogative. When will we recite? Now; presently;

to-morrow.

etc.

At what time will we recite? At this time we will recite.

7. How often have you recited? Daily; weekly; seldom,

8. Time present. It rains now, and yet the sun shines.

9. Time past. As I have already said; this happened yesterday; long ago; recently; lately; anciently, etc.

10. Time future. We shall know soon; to-morrow; erelong; by-and-by, etc.

11. Time relative.

He came early; late; seasonably, etc.

12. James will tell us the news, when he comes.

Y

When he comes.

When will James tell us the news? Answer. In this example, the clause, When he comes, is used as the adjunct of tell; while, when is used as the adjunct of comes. The formula is, XY(+) XYZ. Translation, James; I will tell us, when he Y comes; Z, the news. But Y= Y + X Y. That is; Y, will tell [to] us; (+) when; X, he; Y, comes.

NOTE I. Some prefer to make when a Connective Adverb, connecting the two clauses, and qualifying both verbs at the same time. This resolves the example into, James will tell us the news at that time, at which time James comes.

13. When James comes, then he will tell us the news. 14. Time absolute. It will remain here for ever; perpetually; continually; eternally, etc.

15. Time occasional. Ralph is here often; seldom; occasionally; daily; weekly, etc.

312. Adverbs of ORDER show the relation of events as to direction, sequences, etc.

16. They went directly; indirectly; correctly; orderly; disorderly, etc.

313. Adverbs of PLACE show when, whence, or whither the act occurs, or exists.

17. Interrogative.

Where is my book? Ans. Here.

In what place is my book? In this place is your book. 18. Whence comest thou; is it far hence?

From what place comest thou; is it far from this place? 19. Whither shall we flee? Answer.

Thither.

To what place shall we flee? To this place ye shall flee.

20. In which place. You will find it here; there; everywhere; above, etc.

21. From which place. Whence we came.

Thence we

From which place we came. From that place we came. From this place we came.

NOTE II. Before these Adverbs of place, the preposition should not be used. Whence we came; not, From whence we came.

22. To which place. Whither thou goest, I will go. 314. Adverbs of DEGREE show how much is intended. 23. Inter. How much owest thou? Ans. Much; little, etc. 24. Equality. We have enough; as much as we desire. 25. Abundance. The dress is very rich; exceedingly; extravagantly, etc.

26. The fruit is fully ripe; entirely; completely; perfectly. NOTE III. Those Adverbs, which, as relative adjuncts, join one clause to another, are sometimes called Conjunctive Adverbs. 27. Remain until I return.

The Attributes.

315. Third, the ATTRIBUTES, and the MEANS of KNOWING them. Some Adverbs have an attribute or property called Comparison.

NOTE I. Many Adverbs do not have this attribute; or, many Adverbs are not compared.

The Comparison of the Adverb.

316. COMPARISON is an attribute, which an adverb derives from its use in comparing two or more verbs, two or more adverbs, or two or more adjectives, in regard to the same attribute or property.

NOTE II. The Comparisons of the adjuncts, Adjective, Adverb, is the same in purpose and in form. The purpose of each being to compare two or more expressions with reference to the same attribute in each; the Comparison of the Adjective being a comparison between two or more nouns; while, the Comparison of the Adverb is a comparison between two or more verbs, two or more adverbs, or two or more adjectives.

EXAMPLES.

1. I came near, you came nearer, but he came nearest. 2. John acts wisely, Jane, more wisely, Ruth, most wisely.

317. Adverbs have two forms of Comparison; the Regular, and the Irregular.

318. Adverbs have three degrees or grades of Comparison; namely, the Positive, the Comparative, and the Superlative.

The Positive Degree.

319. The POSITIVE Degree is attributed to an adverb when it is used to compare a certain property of a verb with the same property in all other verbs; or, when it compares a certain property of an adjunct with the same property in all other adjuncts.

1. He acts wisely. They are here now.

EXAMPLES.
She acts well.
They run together.

The people drew near.

It has the attribute,

Parsing. Wisely is an adverb of manner.

positive Degree; because, it compares the verb, acts, with all other actions of this kind.

2. He can do much who can keep himself still.

The Comparative Degree.

320. The COMPARATIVE Degree is attributed to an adverb when it is used to compare one verb with another, or one adjunct with another adjunct, in reference to the same attribute or property.

3. He acts more wisely than his brother [acts]. His house is more handsomely furnished than yours, but it is less pleasantly situated. The crowd drew nearer the judgment seat.

Parsing. More wisely is an adverb of manner. It has the comparative Degree; because, it is used in comparing the first verb, acts, with the second verb, acts, in reference to the same attributes, wisely.

4. This road is more direct than that road, but that road is more travelled than this.

Parsing. More is an adverb of degree. It has the comparative Degree; because, it is used in comparing the adjective, direct, which is expressed, with the adjective, direct, not expressed, with reference to the same property.

NOTE I. In the Comparative Degree, the second clause of the comparison is introduced by the connector, than. Hence, the subject of this second clause should always be in the nominative case. A few errors in this respect are in common usage, probably because they are more euphonious than the correct forms. See Prepositions.

5. "Than whom, none higher sat." Than who [person], Than which person sat none higher sat. none was ever braver." Than he, none None was ever braver than he was brave.

none higher sat.
6. "Than him,
was ever braver.

The Superlative Degree.

321. The SUPERLATIVE Degree is attributed to an adverb, when it is used to compare one verb with a definite number of verbs, or an adjunct with a definite number of adjuncts, with reference to the same attribute or property.

7. He acted most wisely of them all. The man who came nearest to the house, entered first.

Parsing. Most is an Adverb of degree. It has the attribute, superlative Degree; because, it is used in comparing one Adverb, wisely, with certain other Adverbs, wisely, understood, in reference to the same property, degree.

8. The slow horse ran slowly. The slower horse ran more slowly. The slowest horse ran most slowly.

NOTE II. When no is used as an Adverb, it must be used as an adjunct of an adjective in the comparative degree. No should never be used as an adjunct of a verb.

9. No sooner do they meet than they fight. 10. Tell me whether you will, or not.

Error. Tell me whether you will, or no.

That is, or will not.

NOTE III. The repetition of a negative Adverb strengthens the negation.

11. I will never, never, never forget you.

NOTE IV. Two negations in the same clause destroy each other and render the meaning affirmative.

12. I did not do nothing. Then you did do something. 13. Nor did they not perceive their evil flight.

NOTE V. Never is composed of not ever; and hence, is directly the opposite of ever in signification, and should not be confounded with it. 14. I have seldom, or never failed to perceive it.

Faulty. I have seldom, or ever failed to perceive it.

15. Listen not to the voice of the charmer, charm he never so wisely.

This should be, charm he ever so wisely.

16. Take her up tenderly. Lift her with care;
Fashioned so tenderly, young, and so fair.
17. Welcome the stranger with kindly affection;
Hopefully, truthfully, not with dejection.
18. Ten censure wrong for one who writes amiss;
A fool might once himself alone expose;

Now one, in verse, makes many more in prose.