ORTHOEPY AND ORTHOGRAPHY. 356. The Second Part of Grammar includes the kindred subjects, Orthoepy, and Orthography. Orthoepy. LIT. DEF. The word, orthoepy,' means correct speaking or pronunciation. 357. The term, ORTHOEPY, is applied to the science and art of speaking or pronouncing words correctly. NOTE I. English Orthoepy includes those sounds which are used in speaking or pronouncing English words. It does not include those sounds which, in speaking or in reading, form a part of Mood Language. NOTE II. Orthoepy includes the correct speaking or pronunciation of words only; while, Reading or Elocution includes the correct reading and speaking of phrases, sentences, paragraphs, chapters, etc. 358. NOMENCLATURE. The Names or Terms, used in Orthoepy, are Organs of Voice, Organs of Speech, Phonic Elements of Words, Enunciation, Articulation, Phonic Syllable, and Oral Spelling. The Organs of Voice. LIT. DEF. The word, organ,2 means an instrument or apparatus fitted for some peculiar purpose. 359. The ORGANS OF VOICE consist of certain muscles, cartilages, and their appendages, called the LARYNX. They are situated in the upper part of the wind-pipe. They are sometimes' called the VOCAL ORGANS. (See Physiology.) NOTE III. By the aid of an instrument, called the Laryngyscope, or "Viewer of the Larynx," the Vocal Organs and their uses are much better understood now than heretofore. In consequence of its dis ORTHOEPY. ye, belonging to; (o)ep, speech; orth, correct, true, right. Seo orthodox, etc. 2 ORGAN. The origin of this word is obscure. It may be from; (a)n, ones' units; orgord, rank, arranged. closures, several former theories in regard to sounds have been found to be erroneous; hence, new and better ones have lately been substituted. The Organs of Speech. 360. The ORGANS OF SPEECH are the lips, teeth, tongue, palate, and nasal ducts. (See Physiology.) 361. The Organs of Speech are the Lips or the Labial' Organs, the Teeth or the Dental Organs, the Tongue or the Lingual Organ, the Palate or the Guttural Organ, and the Nasal Ducts, or the Nasal Organs. (See Physiology.) NOTE IV. Many of the brutes, in common with mankind, have Organs of Voice; while, none of them have complete Organs of Speech. Hence mankind is distinguished from brutekind rather by the gift or power of Speech than by the gift or power of Voice. 362. The Organs of Voice and of Speech are used to change the air, passing over them from the lungs, into sounds, and, also, to modify these sounds. Phonic Elements of Words. LIT. DEF. The word, phonic," means belonging to noise or sounds. 363. The PHONIC ELEMENTS of Words are the sounds or tones produced by breath, from the lungs, passing across the organs of voice and of speech. 364. The Phonic Elements of English words are about forty in number; that is, all the words of the English language may be spoken by the use of about forty different Sounds or Tones. NOTE V. Some authors give thirty-nine, some forty, some fortyone, and some more, as the Elementary Sounds of the English language. 1 LABIAL. (i)al, -; lab, lip. See laugh. 2 DENTAL. al, ; dent, tooth. ; lingu― langu, tongue. ; guttur, throat. ; nas, nose. DUCT. t, ; duc, guide, lead. PHONIC. ic, belonging to; phon son (sonorous) ton (tene), soun, voice, sound, noise. NOTE VI. Languages differ in the number of their Phonic Elements. The greater portion of these Elements is the same in all languages, and the differences exist in the few Elements which are used in one language and are not used in the other languages; as, the English th, not found in the French, or German. Enunciation. LIT. DEF. The word, enunciation,' means speaking out. 365. ENUNCIATION is a term applied to that part of Orthoepy which includes the proper production and utterance of sound. Articulation. LIT. DEF. The word, articulation,2 means little joints. 366. ARTICULATION is a term applied to that part of Orthoepy which includes the proper joining of sounds. NOTE VII. The terms, Enunciation, Articulation, are not synonymous. Sounds may be improperly enunciated, and yet be properly articulated; on the other hand, they may be properly enunciated, while they are improperly articulated. Phonic Syllables. 3 LIT. DEF. The word, syllable, means lipped or flowing together. 367. A PHONIC SYLLABLE is one or more phonic elements uttered by a single impulse of the voice, and used as an immediate element in the formation of words. Oral Spelling. LIT. DEF. The word, oral, means belonging to the mouth. 368. ORAL SPELLING, properly consists in giving the phonic elements of a word. This term is also applied to the act of naming the letters of a word. (See Chap. III., Words.) 1 ENUNCIATION. (i)ation, ; nunc nounc, speak, tell; e ex, out. 2 ARTICULATION. ation, ; (i)cul, little, some; art. joint, hinge. SYLLABLE. le, having the property of: lab lap lav, flowing, spoken, lipped; sylsyn, together. See Dict., labial, lapse, liquid, etc. ORAL. al, belonging to; or os, the mouth. 6 SPELLING. (1)ing, · -; spel, mutters. The Phonic Elements of 369. CLASSIFICATIONS. words may be classified in five ways; first, according to the organs by which they are made and modified; second, according to quantity, or rhythm; third, according to pitch or key; fourth, according to force or dynamics; and fifth, according to quality. 370. According to the organs by which they are made and modified, Phonic Elements of words are divided into three classes; Vocals, Sub-vocals, and Ab-vocals or Speech Elements. 371. VOCAL Sounds are those which are made and modified by the organs of voice only. NOTE VIII. Two Vocals combined are called a double-vocal, a Diphthong or Dyphonic. NOTE IX. The second of two Vocals, coming together, is said to be a Pure Vocal or is said to have its Pure Sound. 372. SUB-VOCAL Sounds are those which are made by the organs of voice and modified by the organs of speech. They are sometimes called Consonants.1 373. Sub-vocal Sounds, according to the organs of speech by which they are modified, are divided into six kinds; namely, Labial, Labio-Dental, Dental, Lingual, Palatal or Guttural, and Nasal. 374. LABIAL Sounds are sounds modified by the lips; LABIO-DENTAL, those modified by the lower lip and the upper teeth; DENTAL, those modified by the teeth; LINGUAL, those modified by the tongue; PALATAL or GUTTURAL, those modified by the throat or palate; NASAL, those modified by the nasal ducts. 375. AB-VOCAL or SPEECH Elements are those sounds which are made and modified by the organs of speech only. 'CONEONANTS. (a)nt, having the property of; son soun — = phon, ; con,-. 376. According to quantity or rhythm, Sounds are Short, and Long. 377. A SHORT Sound is one produced in the shortest time in which that sound can be perfectly made. 378. A LONG Sound is one requiring a longer time for its production than a short sound. NOTE X. Some describe a Long Sound as having twice the length of a Short Sound. It may be less than twice, twice, or more than twice the shorter Sound. 379. According to pitch or key, Sounds are High, Low, and Intermediate. 380. According to force or dynamics, Sounds are Faint or Weak, and Strong or Loud. 381. According to quality, Sounds are Smooth, Rough, Pure, Mixed, etc. NOTE XI. The remaining portion of the science of Orthoepy corresponds to certain portions of the science of Orthography; hence, it will be found under the compound term, Orthoepy and Orthography. Orthography. LIT. DEF. The word, orthography,' means correct picture or writing. 382. The term, ORTHOGRAPHY, is applied to that part of grammar which includes the science and art of writing, or of printing the elements of a word correctly. 383. NOMENCLATURE. The Names or Terms, belonging to Orthography, are Letters, Alphabet, Ideagraphic, Phonographic, Graphic Syllable, and Literal or Graphic Spelling. LIT. DEF. The word, letter," means sand, grain. 384. A LETTER is a character, used as one of the ultimate elements of a written, or of a printed word. ORTHOGRAPHY. y e.; graph, paint, draw, or delineate; ortho, |