447. In the different sciences the Latin and Greek Numerals are frequently used as Prefixes and some

Translate the following words; units, hecatombs, septen nary, tetrasyllabic, dual, decimal, duodecimal, septuagint, triplicate, quadrennial tertiary, decade, octavo, quarto, secondary, hebdomadal, sextuple, quaternary, quintuple, biennial, 12mo., 4to., 16mo., 8vo., duplicate.

NOTE.-At the commencement of Chapter II., the Rhetoric of Thought Language was divided into the two departments, the Constructive, and the Ornamental; and, the statement was made that Ornamental Rhetoric could not be fully unfolded until the Grammar of Thought Language had been presented, which has now been done.

NOTE.-Chapter VI., comprising what was originally Book I., of the former Work, has been inserted both as a matter of convenience for reference and, also, as a brief outline of the sources of human knowledge, and the means by which it is obtained, is kept, and is used.

Should it not be found necessary for the complete understanding of the Science of Language, this chapter can be omitted in the future editions of this Work.

CHAPTER V.

Ornamental Rhetoric.

1. ORNAMENTAL RHETORIC is a name given to those means by which the narration is made more fitting and attractive, so that the narratee shall be led to seek for the thought itself.

2. DIVISIONS. Ornamental Rhetoric is divided into three parts; namely, Part I., Grammatical Figures; Part II, Rhetorical Figures; Part III, Rhetorical Composition.

Part I. Grammatical Figures.

LIT. DEF. The word, figure, means shape, form.

3. GRAMMATICAL FIGURES are changes in the forms of words, or in some means of knowing their grammatical attributes, or in both.

4. Grammatical Figures are divided into three kinds; Figures of Orthography, Figures of Etymology, and Figures of Syntax.

5. Figures of Orthography come from changing the spelling of words.

I. Ar-cha'-ism, or spelling a word according to its old or obsolete form, or according to a form, which is rapidly going out of use or becoming obsolescent; as, many of the Irregular Verbs.

1. "Well! it is now publique, and you wil stand for your priviledges wee know; to read, and censure. Do so, but buy it first. That doth best commend a Booke, the stationer saies."-Old Preface, 1623.

II. Mi-me'-sis, or imitating the mode of pronouncing in the spelling. (See Imitation, p. 440.)

2. Arrah! now, yer Honor! and isn't it meself will be after spaking to my ould man anent it?

Mimesis is also applied to such words, as imitate certain sounds, or motions, which they name; as, shrill, whoop, snarl, glide.

3. The sharp crack of the rifle, the twang of the bowstring, and the whoop of the savage are heard no more.

6. Figures of Etymology arise from changing the usual forms of words.

I. A-phær'e-sis, or taking away the initial letter of words; as, 'gainst, 'neath, for against, beneath.

II. Syn'-co-pe, or dropping middle letters; as, adm'r, for adminis

trator.

III. A-poc ́-o-pe, or dropping final letters; as, tho', for though.

IV. Pros'-the-sis, or prefixing letters; as, adown, bestrown, for down,

strown.

V. Tme'-sis, or inserting a word between the parts of a compound; as, On which side soever.

VI. Par-a-go-ge, or annexing letters; as, deary, firstly, for dear, first.

VII. Di-ar'-e-sis, or separating two vowels; as, coöperate.

VIII. Syn-ær'-e-sis, or bringing two syllables into one; as, mayst, couldst, for mayest, couldest.

7. Figures of Syntax, or deviations from common modes of using words in sentences.

I. El-lip'-sis, or contraction of sentences, as shown in the Rhetorical Analysis; hence, a contracted sentence is said to be Elliptical, or to be an Elliptical Expression.

II. Ple'-o-nasm, or the introduction of superfluous words. These are sometimes called Tautological Expressions. They may be used in explaining, and also under the influence of excitement; hence, most Explanations are Pleonasms.

4. He, that hath ears to hear, let him hear.

5. There shall not be left one stone upon another, that shall not be thrown down.

III. Hy-per-ba-ton, or a transposition of words.

6. Whom, therefore, ye ignorantly worship, him declare I unto you.

7. From the centre all round to the sea,

I'm lord of the fowl and the brute.

IV. Syl-lep'-sis, or the agreement between words, when used in a figurative sense, different from their literal use.

8. While Evening draws her crimson curtain round.

9. Then Philip went down to the city of Samaria, and preached Christ unto them.

V. En-al-la-ge is the use of one form, or modification of a word instead of another belonging to the same word; as, when we is used for I; you for thou.

It also includes several instances, which should be condemned as ungrammatical, and would be, if they were not found in certain writings. It is also used as a poetic license.

10. "I done it;" meaning, I did it. A very common

error.

11. "What is writ is writ;" for, What is written is written. 12. "Speak, tell me quick;" for, Speak, tell me quickly. 13. "Slow, through the churchyard path we saw him borne." 14. "Heaven did a recompense as largely send:"

By poetic license, slow is used for slowly; largely, for large.

Part II. Rhetorical Figures.

1. A RHETORICAL FIGURE is an ideal, used either with the subject of narration, or in the place of it, in order that the narration shall be more pleasing and attractive.

NOTE I. The ideal, for which the Figure is substituted, is called the Primary Part of the Figure.

EXAMPLES.

1. Words fitly spoken are like apples of gold in pictures of silver.

In this example, the rhetorical figure, apples of gold in pictures of silver, is used with the subject of narration, words fitly spoken, as its primary part.

2. His daughter was the light of his eyes and the joy of

his soul.