CHAPTER II. The Logical Use of Thought Language. The word, logical, means pertaining to the 1. DEFINITIONS. science and art of reasoning. The LOGICAL Use of Thought Language is that, in which the meaning is mainly considered, while the least attention possible is given to the language itself. (See Chap. I., 71.) 2. CLASSIFICATIONS. The Logical Use of Thought Language may be considered; first, as to the Narrator's Use of it; second, as to the Narratee's Use of it. 3. The NARRATOR'S Logical use of thought language is synthetic, because he both makes and uses an expression according to his desire to express an IDEA, a GROUP OF IDEAS, or a THOUGHT. To express a Single Idea. 4. I. To express a single idea, the narrator names his idea by a single word. EXAMPLES. 1. Men. Trees. Houses. Plant. Some. Their. Around. In this example, the narrator has expressed each idea by giving its name as a single word. The order, in which the ideas are expressed, prevents the suggestion of ideas of relation between them. To express a Group of Ideas. 5. II. To express a group of ideas, the narrator names each idea, in an order which suggests the ideas of relation between them, as principal and subordinate. 1. Plant trees. Some men. Around their houses. In this example, the narrator has expressed each group by naming each idea, belonging to the group, in such an order as suggests the relation between them; while, the order, in which the groups themselves are arranged, prevents us from readily perceiving an idea of relation between these groups. To express a Simple Thought. 6. III. To express a simple thought, the narrator must name each idea of the thought in an order which will suggest the relations between them, so that the narratee may perceive which are the primary and which the secondary ideas of the thought. 1. Some men plant trees around their houses. In this example, the narrator has named each idea of a simple thought in an order which suggests that the ideas, men, plant, trees, are primary ideas; and, hence, have co-ordinate relations; while, the ideas, some, their, houses, are secondary ideas, having subordinate relations to the primaries. The idea of relation of their houses to plant is expressed by the word, around. To express a Compound Thought. 7. IV. To express a compound thought, the narrator must express each of its immediate elements in an order suggesting the idea of connection between them. 1. Some men plant trees around their houses, and, afterward, take good care of them. 8. The NARRATEE'S Logical use of thought language is analytic, because he must use the narrator's language as the means of finding the IDEA, the GROUP OF IDEAS, or the THOUGHT expressed by the narrator. The expression of a Single Idea. 9. I. The narratee may, and he may not, have the same idea suggested by a word, which the narrator intended to express by using that word. as, EXAMPLES. 1. Stove. Brush. Well. Apple. Thus, by the term, stove, the narrator may name an idea of an actor; the STOVE contains the fuel; or, he may mean the idea of an action; as, the whale STOVE the boat; or, he may mean a subordinate idea; as, the STOVE-maker put the STOVE-pipe on the STOVE. Which of these ideas is intended by the narrator cannot be learned by the narratee, if he receive nothing but the word, stove, from the narrator. If, however, the narrator use the word, stove, and, at the same time, by look, gesture, or by any other means, designate the object which he calis, stove, something beside the word itself is given to the narratee, which enables him to determine the idea intended by the narrator. Analysis. Stove expresses a single idea, and may be an idea of an actor; as, the stove there. It may be the idea of an action; as, the stone stove the glass. It may be a receiver; as, see this stove. It may be a subordinate or a secondary idea; as, stove-coal is larger than chestnut-coal. In like manner, analyze brush, well, apple, stone, etc., etc. The expression of a Group of Ideas. 10. II. Generally the narratee will have the same group of ideas, which the narrator intended by his expression. NOTE I. The narratee will be quite sure to have the narrator's group of ideas, if he take, as the principal idea, the one intended by the narrator. 1. In the old stove. Stove to pieces. Stove-coal. nut horse. Chest Analysis. In the old stove is a group of ideas, of which stove is the principal idea; old is a subordinate idea, having a natural relation to stove; the is a subordinate idea having an incidental relation to stove; and in names the idea of relation of stove to an idea not expressed. In like manner, analyze the expressions, stove to pieces, stove-coal, etc. If, in the group, chestnut horse, the narrator intend horse to be the principal, and chestnut its subordinate idea, and the narratee understand chestnut to be the principal, and horse its subordinate, he will not have the group of ideas which the narrator intended to express. The one being a chestnut horse, and the other, a horse-chestnut. In like manner, analyze the groups, apple-pie, boot-black, etc. The expression of a Simple Thought. 11. III. The narratee will have that simple thought which the narrator intended to express, when he perceives what ideas aro primary ideas, and what ideas are subordinate or secondary to these primaries. 1. The merchant's ships plough the ocean wave. General Analysis. In the expression, the merchant's ships plough the ocean wave, we find a simple independent thought of three parts; first part, the merchant's ships; second part, plough; third part, the ocean wave. Its primary ideas are, ships, plough, wave. Its subordinate or secondary ideas are, the, merchant's, the, ocean. Special Analysis. The is a subordinate or secondary idea of the first primary, ships. Merchant's is a subordinate or secondary idea, related to the first primary, ships. Ships is the actor or first primary idea. Plough is the action or second primary idea. The is a subordinate or secondary idea of the third primary, wave. Ocean is a subordinate or secondary idea of the third primary, wave, Wave is the receiver or third primary idea NOTE I. In giving these analyses orally, the first primary may be used to mean the first primary idea; the second primary, to mean the second primary idea, etc. In the special analyses, such expressions as, the is a secondary idea of the first primary idea, may be expressed as, the is a secondary of the actor, ships. In a written analysis the ab breviations only need be used, omitting the contract periods; thus;— The merchant's ships plough the ocean wave = FST; F =the merchant's ships; S = plough; T the ocean wave. 2. The cavalry galloped over the plain. = General Analysis. The cavalry galloped over the plain expresses a simple independent thought of two parts. F Part, the cavalry; S Part, galloped over the plain. Its primary ideas are cavalry, galloped. Its subordinate or secondary ideas are the, the, plain. Its idea of relation is over. Special Analysis. The is a secondary of the actor, cavalry; cavalry is the first primary or Actor, etc. Written Analysis. The cavalry galloped over the plain FS; etc. NOTE II. Written Analyses may be expressed in full, as above; or, they may be expressed with the use of abbreviations, and thus become Formulas. In these Formulas, F, 1, or X, may represent the First Part of the thought; S, 2, or Y, the Second Part of the thought; T, 3, or Z, the Third Part. When a part of a thought is not expressed, it may be represented by a small letter. 3. The patient astronomer studied the stars very diligently. General Analysis. The patient astronomer, etc., expresses a sim. ind. thought of three parts; F Part, the patient astronomer; S Part, studied very diligently; T Part, the stars. Its primary ideas are astronomer, studied, stars; its subordinates are the, patient, very, diligently, the. Special Analysis. As above. Written Analysis or Formula. 1 2 3. 4. The merchant's ships galloped over the stars. (Nonsense.) General Analysis. In the expression, the merchant's ships, etc., we find the group of ideas, the merchant's ships, of which ships is the principal; the, merchant's, its subordinates or secondaries. The second group is galloped over the stars, of which galloped is the principal; stars is the subordinate of galloped; the is the subordinate of stars; and over is the idea of relation between stars and galloped. These groups of ideas, taken together, do not form a thought, because between the merchant's ships and galloped over the stars, no idea of relation exists; hence, the attempt to bring them together becomes nonsense. 5. Dutiful children carefully heed their parents' instructions. 6. Princes often feel anxious cares. 7. Am I Joseph? I am Joseph. F S. General Analysis. Am I Joseph?, I am Joseph, expresses a sim. ind. thought of two parts; F, I, Joseph; S, am. Special Analysis. I. Joseph, first primary idea; am, second primary idea. No secondary ideas. 8. Are acids sour? Acids are sour. General Analysis. Are acids sour? expresses a sim. ind. thought of two parts, F S. F, acids, sour; S, are. Special Analysis. Acids, first primary idea; are, second primary sour, secondary of first primary, acids. NOTE III. In such thoughts as, acids are sour, some authors very improperly place sour with are in the Second Part; the reason given being, "for these two words express what is affirmed of the subject." It would be well for these authors to re-study their own definitions of predicates and of adjectives. Query. Is it the are that is sour, or is it the acids? 9. To heaven's eternal monarch, pay your loftiest hymns of praise. f S T. General Analysis. To heaven's, etc., expresses a sim. ind. thought of three parts; f, not expressed, the name of the narratee being understood; S, pay to heaven's eternal monarch; T, your loftiest hymns of praise. Special Analysis. As above. 10. Horses eat grass. TS F. Grass is eaten by horses. F S T. General Analysis. Grass is eaten by horses, expresses a sim. ind. thought of three parts; T, grass; S, is eaten; F, by horses. Special Analysis. As above. 11. John put the money into his pocket. General Analysis. John put the money into his pocket is a sim. ind. thought of three parts; F, John; S, put into his pocket; T, the money. NOTE IV. In the above analysis, money is the third primary idea or the receiver, because it receives the action, put; while pocket is only a secondary idea in S; it receives the thing, money, instead of the action, put. Hence, it is not the receiver of an action! 12. All animals drink. F Stor X Y z. General Analysis. All animals drink is a thought of three parts; F, all animals; S, drink; t, third part or receiver, understood. It is plain that if all animals drink, they must drink something. 13. The fine black horse easily drew the elegant carriage up the hill. James writes his words neatly with a good steel pen. They were bound with strong cords to the large trees by their captors. The wind strikes the sails. The sails are struck by the wind. The plough heaved up the land. The |