11. The best test of a metaphor's correctness or truthfulness to nature, is to imagine how it would appear if drawn as a picture.

15. "Delusive gold, a smiling fiend thou art,

Sev'ring those bands, that Death alone should part."

It is not difficult to imagine a smiling fiend doing the work of Death, hence we see that this Metaphor is true to nature.

The following is supposed to be the language of a mother, whose son had just followed his father to the wars.

16. "Now from my fond embrace by tempest torn, Our other column of the state is borne,

Nor took a kind adieu, nor sought consent."

One column of the state had been carried off before the other, which did not come back to ask consent. Try to imagine a picture of it.

12. Antithesis is a comparison to find differences of ideas, and is denoted by such connectives as, but, nor, or, more, than, in this, on the other, &c. It is sometimes called comparison by Contrast, or Opposition, and is directly opposed to Simile, or Comparison by Resemblance.

17. "The king's wrath is as the roaring of a lion, but his favor is as dew upon the grass."

18. "Charles I. reminds us more of some mock king in 8 farce, than a real one on the theatre of history."

13. Antithesis always requires at least two full statements and, hence, moves slowly, or formally. This fits it for contrasting objects, or thoughts; especially for the purposes of instruction; for ceremony; for satire, or ridicule; and for wit, or humor, because it allows the mind time to contemplate both statements.

19. The sun shines with his own, while the moon shines with reflected light.

20. Language performs more than it promises; Metaphysics promises more than it performs.

21. "Cleo. Nay, pray you, seek no color for your going, But bid farewell, and go, when you sued staying,

Then was the time for words; No going then ;

Eternity was in our lips and eyes,

Bliss in our brow's bent; none of our parts so poor;
But was a race of heaven; They are so still,

Or thou, the greatest soldier of the world,

Art turned the greatest liar."

22. The whirlwind in its career of destruction may tear up the oak, rend the rock from the mountain's side, and lay prostrate the forest; but the calm will follow, and the violet will spring up in its path.

14. Irony is a species of Antithesis in which the contrast is shown by using terms signifying the very opposite of what we mean; as—

23. "A Daniel, still say I; a second Daniel!

I thank thee, Jew, for teaching me that word."

24. You have cared for them? Yes, as the hawk for the starling; as the wolf for the tender lamb!

Irony and Metaphor are alike in not requiring the aid of connectives because they apply the figurative terms directly to the primary part; they are unlike, in that the former is a comparison by contrast, while the latter is a comparison by resemblance.

15. Irony is more commonly known as Satire, Ridicule, and, when accompanied by mimicry, as Mockery.

25. Satire. “We hate all fools these upstarts say,

From which most plainly it appears,

Their other faults be what they may,
Self-love is not a fault of theirs."

26. Mockery. "Elijah mocked them, and said, 'Cry aloud; for he is a god; either he is talking, or he is pursuing, or he is in a journey, or peradventure he sleepeth, and must be awaked.""

16. Interrogation is a contrast expressed in the orm of a question, to which no answer is expected. When in the direct form this figure becomes irony.

27. A Daniel, say you, a second Daniel?

28. Glendower. I can call spirits from the vasty deep. Hotspur. Why, so can I, so can any man;

But will they come, when you do call for them? Interrogation is a lively and strong mode of presenting a statement. In the Scriptures, it is frequently used.

29. "Shall I and thy mother and thy brethren indeed come to bow down ourselves to thee to the earth?"

17. Allusion is a reference to some author by using a well known saying; or to some scientific fact in such a way as to suggest it.

18. Allusions are named according to the subjects, to which the reference is made; Scriptural, historical, classical, scientific, professional, &c.

30. Scriptural Allusion. "Well, might the good man say, 'Our Father, which art in heaven,' for he felt it, and all mankind were his brethren."

31. "The loudest notes of triumph or conquest will be silent in the grave; the wicked, wherever active, 'will cease from troubling,' and the weary, wherever suffering, 'will be at rest."

Scriptural allusions, when properly introduced, are instructive and pleasing; but it is always in bad taste to introduce them for light and trifling purposes.

66

32. Historical. Resolving not to be the slave of intemperance is a declaration of individual right;" and signing the pledge is "consenting to the articles of the confederation." 33. Classical. To protect himself from all the assaults of temptation, the earthly pilgrim needs the armor of Achilles, and the eyes of Argus.

34. Poetical. Who does not feel that the "Thanatopsis," "The Psalm of life," "Home, sweet home," and other such

gems of poetry, fully entitle their authors to be ranked among the poets of the age?

35. Mathematical. We make progress intellectually in the direct ratio of our mental activity.

36. Professional. "The sorrow for the dead is the only sorrow, from which we refuse to be divorced. Every other wound we seek to heal-Who would root out such a sorrow from the heart?"

19. An Allegory is a figure, in which the figurative or secondary part only is expressed; the meaning bei left to be supplied by the reader, or hearer.

20. The Allegory is used for embellishment; for instruction, as in parables, and fables; and for amuse ment, as in riddles, conundrums, &c.

37. "Thou hast brought a vine out of Egypt; thou hast cast out the heathen and planted it. Thou preparedst room before it, and didst cause it to take deep root, and it filled the land. The hills were covered with the shadow of it; and the boughs thereof were like the goodly cedars. She sent out her boughs unto the sea, and her branches unto the river. Why hast thou then broken down her hedges, so that all they which pass by the way do pluck her? The boar out of the wood doth waste it; and the wild beast of the field doth devour it. Return, we beseech thee, O God of Hosts; look down from heaven, and behold, and visit this vine!" (Ps. 80.)

Some define the Allegory as a continued Metaphor, but this is manifestly wrong; metaphor names both parts and asserts that the primary is something, which it only resembles ; allegory names the secondary part only, leaving the primary to the imagination, or reflection of the one addressed.

The Scripture Parables furnish a number of fine allegories used for instruction; Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress is an unusually fine allegory; Fables are allegories, in which the words and actions of men are attributed to beasts and inanimate things; while the moral is the literal, or primary part.

FIGURES OF ASSOCIATION.

1. THE Figures, which originate in Association, aro Enumeration, Climax, Metonomy, Synecdoche, Imitation, Omission, Repetition, and Sorites.

2. Enumeration or Pleonasm consists in giving a list of particulars for the purpose of enabling the mind to form a more perfect idea of the object described.

1. The entire population turned out to witness the imposing ceremony; there were the aged, the middle-aged, the young; old men and maidens, mothers and sons; the high and the low, the rich and the poor.

All that follows the word ceremony is an Enumeration of the particulars implied in the word population.

3. When this figure is used in a discourse, or in the analysis of a science, it is called Division.

2. The sounds of words may be employed for representing three classes of objects; first, other sounds; secondly, motion; and thirdly, the emotions and passions.

3. Philosophy is divided into three kinds; Natural, Mental, and Moral.

4. Climax is an enumeration of particulars arranged so as to increase in importance to the last. When the particulars decrease in importance to the last, it is called an Anti-climax.

4. Benevolence is a duty which I owe to myself, to my neighbors, to all mankind, and to God.

5. "Yet there is a band of human beings on board that weather-beaten vessel, and they have voluntarily come to this savage coast to spend the rest of their lives, and to die there. Eight thousand miles they have struggled across the ocean, from a land of plenty and comfort, from their own beloved