plough upheaved the land. The land was heaved up by the plough. The land was upheaved by the plough. The expression of a Connected Compound Thought. 12. IV. The narratee will have the connected compound thought which the narrator intended to express, when he perceives that the expression contains a thought whose immediate elements are thoughts joined by an idea of connection. 1. The sun shines brightly and the birds sing gayly. General Analysis. The sun shines, etc., expresses a primary connected thought, because its immediate elements are the simple thoughts, the sun shines brightly, the birds sing gayly, joined by an idea of connection. The first simple thought, the sun shines brightly, has two parts; X, the sun; Y, shines brightly. The second simple thought, the birds sing gayly, has three parts; X, the birds; Y, sing gayly; z, third part understood. If they sing, they must sing something. Special Analysis. The, secondary of the actor, sun; sun, actor; shines, action; brightly, sec. of sec. primary; and, an idea of connection; etc. 2. He awoke, but he did not arise. 3. The child sleeps because the mother sings. 4. You will like the Formulas because they are simple. 5. The harvest is gathered, [and] the summer has gone, and again we rejoice in the scent of the corn. 6. Men live and men die, but God lives forever. General Analysis. Men live, etc., is a secondary connected thought, whose immediate elements are the primary compound thought, men live and men die, and the simple thought, God lives forever, joined by the idea of connection, but. Of these, the primary comp. has, for its immediate elements, the simple thoughts, men live, men die, joined by the idea of connection, and. The simple thought, men live, has two parts. F, men; S, live. The simple thought, men die, has two parts, F, men; S. die. The simple thought, God lives forever, has two parts, F, God; S, lives forever. Special Analysis. Here let the students give the special analysis. 7. We perceived the enemy on our right, and the river on our left, therefore we halted and prepared for the charge. The expression of a Complex or Mixed Compound Thought. 13. V. The narratee will have the complex or mixed thought which the narrator intended to express, when he perceives that one thought has in itself another thought used as an idea only. 1. I will try it has done Wonders. General Analysis. I will try, etc., is a Complex or Mixed thought; because, it has the element thought, I will try it, used as the actor or first primary idea in the construction of a thought. Formula. FST = F I will try it, S, has done; T, wonders. Translation. F, I will try it; S, has done; T, wonders. In which, FI; S will try; T = it. Logically, I see, etc., is a Complex thought; because, it has the element thought, them [to] run, used as the receiver or third primary idea in the construction of a thought. 3. Your uncle, who [uncle] was here to-day, will be here to-morrow. Logically. Your uncle, etc., is a mixed thought; because, it has the element thought, who was here to-day, used as an idea subordinate to the actor or first primary idea, uncle. 4. They wept like children while he spake these things. In this example, the element thoughts, like children or as children weep, while he spake these things, are used as ideas subordinate to the action spake, to show how and when they wept. Formula. 1 1 2 — 1, they; 2, wept like children while he spake these things. But, 2 2, wept; + like; 1, children; 2, weep (+) 1, he; = 2, spake while; 3, these things. 5. I have returned the book which you lent to me. 14. VI. The narratee will find the dependent thought expressed by the narrator, if he find a thought used as an idea only in the construction of another thought. Thus, in examples, 1, 2, of Complex Thoughts, whatsoever thing God doeth, them [to] run, are primary dependent thoughts because they are used as primary ideas of the thoughts to which they belong. NOTE I. A Primary Dependent Thought is the co-ordinate of the entire thought of which it forms a part. Again, in examples, 3, 4, 5, who was here to-day, while he spake these things,and which you lent to me,are subordinate or secondarydependent thoughts because they are used as subordinate or secondary ideas in the thoughts to which they belong. NOTE II. A Secondary Dependent Thought is the subordinate of the thought in which it is used. 1. "Boast not thyself of to-morrow, for thou knowest not what a day may bring forth." General Analysis. Boast not thyself, etc., is a secondary connected (compound) thought, whose immediate elements are the simple thought, boast not thyself of to-morrow, and the primary compound, thou knowest not what a day may bring forth, joined by the idea of connection, for. They are co-ordinates. The simple thought, boast not thyself of tomorrow, has two parts; f, (thou, understood); S, boast not [to] thyself of to-morrow. The primary compound, thou knowest not what a day may bring forth, is a mixed thought of three parts; F, thou; S, knowest not; T, what a day may bring forth. The third part is a simple dependent thought of three parts; F, a day; S, may bring forth; T, what [thing]. Special Analysis. As above. Written Analysis. Boast not thyself, etc. late this formula as in the General Analysis. 2. I see her dancing in the hall. = fS+ FS T Trans 3. I saw the dog biting the cattle. 4. Children obey your parents in the Lord, is a divine precept. 5. The sun, arising, enlightened the cavern. XYZ = XYZ. 6. He who fights and runs away, may live to fight another day. 7. We drove the horses into a field, surrounded by a high fence. XYZ = X Y Z. That is; Y, drove into a General Analysis. X, We; Y, drove into a field, surrounded by a high fence; Z, the horses. But Y = Y, Y X. field; Y, surrounded; X, by a high fence. F S. F(+)FSt 8. Did you see the lady to whom I sent the note? I me to die is gain for me, but me to Uncontracted Form. live is better for me. That I should die is gain for me, but that I should live is better for me. It is evident that the whole thought, for me to die, etc., is a dependent mixed thought, whose independent part is not expressed. It cannot be easily expressed in English, but is very commonly expressed in the Latin and in the Greek. (See Contraction of Subjects.) General Analysis. For me to die, etc., is a compound dependent thought containing two mixed thoughts, for me to die is gain, for me to live is better, joined by the idea of connection, but. The mixed thought, for me to die is gain, has two parts; F, [me] to die, gain; S, is, for me. F contains a simple thought of two parts; f, [me] understood; S, to die. For me to live is better, is a mixed thought of two parts. F, [me] to live, better; S, is for me. F contains a simple thought of two parts; F, [me]; S, to live. Special Analysis. As above. Written Analysis. For me, etc. = fs T; but T John knew them 16. John knew that they were the men. to be the men. They were known to be the men by John. The true form of the last example is; Them to be the men was known by John. General Analysis. They were known, etc., is a mixed thought of three parts; T, they to be the men [them to be the men]; S. were known [was known]; F, by John; of which, the third part, they [them] to be the men, is a simple thought of two parts; F, they [them], the men; S, to be. Special Analysis. As before. T Written Analysis. They were known, etc. == SF. FS Ꮓ 17. He is said to have come. ZY x = Y x. 18. John was bidden to run quickly. XY 19. I knew the brother of the lady who gave you this book. The expression of an Independent Thought. 15. VII. The narratee will find what independent thought the narrator intended to express; first, by taking the entire thought, whether it be simple or compound, as independent; second, by taking each thought, joined to another thought by an idea of connection, as independent; third, by taking, as an independent thought, that part of a compound thought which is not dependent. 1. Does Joseph, the carpenter, build houses? General Analysis. As before. This example is an independent simple thought. 2. Do men dig for wealth, and do they always find it? General Analysis. pound thought.) (This example is an independent com 3. I will sit here until you return. Ex., 3, is an independent mixed compound thought, of which, I will sit here is the independent part; until you return is the dependent part. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES. 1. The sun shines brightly. The eagle soars toward heaven. The girls fed the poor woman. 2. "With streaming blood, the slippery shores are dyed, And slaughtered heroes swell the dreadful tide." 3. "If thou be wise, thou shalt be wise for thyself; but, if thou scornest, thou alone shalt bear it." 4. The stars fill the immensity of space. 5. Writing makes the accurate man. 6. Columbus discovered St. Salvador in 1492. 7. 'Tis sweet to hear the watch-dog's honest bark Bay deep-mouthed welcome, as we draw near home. 8. The immensity of space is filled by the stars. 9. All good men will obey wholesome laws very willingly. 10. Farmers sow grain in the spring. 11. Can gold gain friendship? 12. We should brave troubles as the New England schoolboy braves winter. 13. Dust thou art, and to dust thou returnest, was not spoken of the soul by the good Creator. 14. Honest men hold that these claims and such as these are legal. Uncontracted Form. Honest men hold that these claims, and honest men hold that such claims as these claims are, are legal. 15. "The fear of the Lord is the beginning of knowledge." 16. "Canst thou bind the sweet influences of Pleiades ?" 17. Art thou James? I am James. 18. "He, that refuseth instruction, despiseth his own soul; but, he, that heareth reproof, getteth understanding." Thou Thou art 19. May I eat the bread? Eat thou the bread. mayest eat the bread. Dost thou eat the bread? eating the bread. Is the bread eaten by thee? bread been eaten by thee? Has the |