I. Word and Phrase Subjects.

LIT. DEF. The word, subject,' means that which has been put under. 69. The SUBJECT of a Simple sentence is a word, or a phrase, naming either the actor, or the receiver of an action; and, used as the foundation or basis in the construction of the

sentence.

EXAMPLES.

1. The showers refresh the drooping leaves. X Y Z. General Analysis. Logically, showers, etc. (See 65, ex., 1.)

Rhetorically, the showers, etc., is a simple sentence; because, etc. Its subject is the word, showers.

Special Analysis. Showers, logically, is the actor or first primary idea; rhetorically, showers is used as the subject of the sentence; because, it names the actor or first primary idea, and has the office of or is used as the basis or foundation in the formation of the sentence. is a Word Subject.

It

NOTE I. When students have become familiar with the order of a Special Analysis, the terms, logically, rhetorically, may be omitted; because, in giving the Special Analysis, we commence with the logical value of the word, and begin its rhetorical use or office with the words, used as. Thus, showers is the actor or first primary idea, and is used as the subject of the sentence. Under the same circumstances, the logical part of the Special Analysis may be omitted.

2. The drooping leaves are refreshed by the showers. ZYX.

General Analysis. As in ex., 1.
Special Analysis. Logically, leaves is

used as the subject of

idea or receiver, and tion of the sentence.

-; rhetorically, leaves is the sentence; because, it names the third primary has the office of or is used as the basis or foundaIt is a Word Subject.

NOTE II. Sentences, used as Definitions, Explanations, etc., have two or more Subjects, called First Subject, Second Subject, etc.

3. Does John, the carpenter, own this house? John, the carpenter, does own this house. 1 2 31 1 2 3.

1 SUBJECT. t, that which; jec, has been put or placed; sub, under. That is, as a foundation or basis.

General Analysis. Rhetorically, does John, etc., is a simple sentence because it expresses or names a simple thought.

Special Analysis. The words, John, carpenter, name the same actor or first primary idea; and, are used, synonymously, as subjects of the sentence. John, being the first Subject; carpenter, the second Subject.

4. Was John called the Professor? John was called the Professor. The child was called Joseph.

Written Analysis or Formula. TS f. Translation; T, John, the Professor; S, was called; f, understood. Hence, this formula might be written TTS f.

Special Analysis. John, Professor, name the receiver or third primary idea; and, are used as the first and second Subjects of the sentence.

NOTE III. Two, or more words, naming the same idea, and having the same use or office in the sentence, are said to be used in Apposition; or, to be used Synonymously. As, the words, John, carpenter, in ex., 4; in which, the second subject, carpenter, is said to be in apposition with the first subject, John; or, to be used synonymously with John.

5. Is your brother John, a doctor? My brother John is a doctor.

6. A wise ruler does not subject a good subject to unnecessary taxation.

7. The subjects of all governments are subject to taxation. 8. The subject of a narration may not be the subject of a sentence.

9. Is sugar a sweet substance? Sugar is a sweet sub

stance.

10. Napoleon III., king and author, is a husband, a father, a tactician, and a disciplinarian.

NOTE IV. The subject of a Simple Sentence is sometimes omitted; as, in answer to questions, directions, orders, etc. Thus ;

11. What did John do? 12. Come here.

Answer.

Bring my book to me.

studied his lessors.

NOTE V. Sometimes our idea of the Action is definite, while our idea of the Actor is so indefinite that we cannot name it. In these cases, the Subject of the sentence is said to be a Vague or Indefinite Subject, and its place is supplied by the word, it. Thus;

13. It rains. It snows. It hails.

14. "Our glorious banner" was our battle-cry.

General Analysis. Logically, -; rhetorically, "Our glorious banner," was, etc., is a simple sentence; because, etc. Its first and second subjects are our glorious banner," battle-cry.

66

Special Analysis. Logically," Our glorious banner" is a group, used as a first primary idea; rhetorically, it is a subject; because, it names an actor, and is used as the basis or foundation of the sentence. It is a Phrase Subject.

In like manner, analyze battle-cry.

NOTE VI. Phrase Subjects may be analyzed according to the analysis of Phrases. Thus;

"Our glorious banner" is an independent phrase. Its principal word is banner; its adjunct words, our, glorious.

15. Our battle-cry was "Our glorious banner."

70. According to the logical character of its Subject, a sentence is either Actively constructed, or it is Passively constructed.

Actively Constructed Sentences.

LIT DEF. The word, actively,' means belonging to the actor.

71. A Sentence is ACTIVELY constructed, when its subject names the actor or first primary idea.

Thus, the sentence, the showers refresh the drooping leaves, is actively constructed; because, its subject, showers, is logically, the actor or first primary idea.

16. Speaking makes the ready man.

General Analysis. Rhetorically, speaking, etc., is a simple sentence; because, etc. It is actively constructed; because, its subject, speaking, names the actor or first primary idea.

17. Reading makes the intelligent man.

18. Writing makes the accurate man.

19. Florists cultivate flowers.

20. Nearly every plant requires the daylight.

21. William gave a book to Mary.

ACTIVELY. ly, in a way or manner; ive, like; t, that which, one who; ac➡

sg, causes, acts, does.

22. The animals were basking in the sunshine. 23. They proceeded on their journey.

24. The people were all in one building.

Passively Constructed Sentences.

LIT. DEF. The word, passively,' means belonging to the receiver. 72. A Sentence is PASSIVELY constructed, when its subject names the receiver or third primary idea.

Thus, the sentence, the drooping leaves are refreshed by the showers, is passively constructed; because, its subject, leaves, is, logically, the receiver or third primary idea.

25. The ready man is made by speaking.

General Analysis. The ready man, etc., is a simple sentence; because, etc. It is passively constructed; because, its subject, man, names the receiver or third primary idea.

26. Flowers are cultivated by florists.

27. Daylight is required by nearly every plant.

NOTE VII. A thought of three parts can be expressed in a sentence Actively constructed and, also, in a sentence Passively constructed. A thought of two parts must always be expressed in a sentence Actively constructed.

28. Sings Fanny good songs?
29. Does Fanny sing good songs?

songs.

Fanny sings good songs.
Fanny does sing good.

30. Is Fanny singing good songs? Fanny is singing good

songs.

31. Are good songs sung by Fanny? Good songs are sung by Fanny.

32. Read Luther good books? Luther read, etc.

33. Lows the ox over his fodder? The ox lows, etc.

34. Does the ox low, etc.? 35. Is the ox lowing, etc.?

The ox does low, etc.
The ox is lowing, etc.

NOTE VIII. The Subject of a sentence is important for two reasons; first, because, it always names a primary idea; or, it is either the actor

or the receiver; second, because it controls the construction of the sentence. (See Moods of Sentences.)

Rules for the Selection of Subjects.

RULE I. To construct a sentence Actively, use, as the subject, the name of the actor or first primary idea of the thought which is to be expressed.

RULE II. To construct a sentence Passively, use, as the subject, the name of the receiver or third primary idea of the thought which is to be expressed.

36. The use of Thought Language develops the human intellect. The human intellect is developed by the use of Thought Language.

37. The general gave the watch-word, our glorious banner. The watch-word, our glorious banner, was given by the general. 38. At midnight, in his guarded tent, the Turk was dreaming of the hour.

39. Is thy servant a dog? My right there is none to dispute. Has the money been demanded from the debtor by the creditor?

40. How dear to my heart are the scenes of my childhood. 41. John is here. Thomas has gone [to] home.

42. Is Raffaelle, the Engineer, your brother? Raffaelle, the Engineer, is your brother. The horses run. The horses do run. The horses are running.

43. How do you do? You do do how? How does Sarah do? Sarah does do how?

Errors in the Selection of Subjects.

FIRST ERROR. Attempts are often made to construct sentences by using, as subjects, words naming secondary ideas. Formerly, these attempts were very common among "the best speakers," and among "the best writers" of the English language. They were seldom or never used by the Romans, or by the Greeks. They are to be condemned, logically, because they always obscure the thought which