PREFACE. THE twenty-eighth volume of the American Almanac, being the eighth volume of the third series, is now offered to the public. Unwearied pains has been taken to collect full, authentic, and varied information concerning the complex affairs of the general and State governments; and a mass of official documents and private correspondence has been digested relating to the government, finances, legislation, public institutions, internal improvements, and resources of the United States, and of the several States. It is hoped that the present volume will be found equal to its predecessors in fulness and accuracy, and that it will sustain the high character of the American Almanac as a trustworthy manual for reference and a full repository of useful knowledge. The Astronomical Department has been prepared by Mr. George P. Bond, Assistant Observer at the Cambridge Observatory. The article upon “Terrestrial Magnetism gives an account of the history and present condition of this interesting department of science. In the Second Part of the volume will be found full lists of the Executive and Judiciary of the General Government, including the chief officers and clerks of the several Departments, and of the Court of Claims; of Collectors of Customs, of Postmasters in the principal places, of Army and Navy Pension Agents, and of the Indian Superintendents and Agents; of the Inspectors of Steamboats and their Districts; of the Army, and the various Military Departments and Posts under the new organization; of the Navy, the public vessels, and the Marine Corps; of our Ministers and Consuls in Foreign Countries, and of Foreign Ministers and Consuls in the United States. In the Navy List will be found the Navy Officers dropped or retired under the recent law. These lists have been corrected from official sources to the latest dates possible for publication. Later changes are noted in the "Additions and Corrections," at the end of the volume. The titles Commerce and Navigation, and Revenue and Expenditure, published each year in the Almanac, are full and complete abstracts of the public documents of the same name, and the tables connected therewith, and, with the Post-Office, Mint, and Public Lands, show the receipts and expenditures of the Government under their several heads, the public debt, the imports, exports, tonnage, coinage, sales of land, and the operations of the Post-Office Department, for each year since the adoption of the Federal Constitution. The Quantity and Value of the Cotton, Rice, Tobacco, and Breadstuffs, exported each year, since 1820; the annual average export price of Flour at New York since 1800, and its average price at the principal cities since the same date; the amount of Specie in the country at different years; and of the Bank-notes in circulation and the imports and exports of Coin and Bullion from 1821 to 1855, — are given in the Tables. The rates of postage are under the new law, -and these, with the inland and foreign mail service, are believed to be complete and correct. The Titles and Abstracts of the Public Laws and Joint Resolutions have been carefully prepared, and are sufficiently full, except for professional use. Among those this year of special interest are the acts relative to additional Bounty Lands and Proof of Service; the Grants of Land to several States to aid in the construction of Railroads therein; the Court of Claims; the Compensation of Members of Congress; Fees, Costs, and Judicial Expenses; the Diplomatic and Consular Systems of the United States, with the list of Legations and Consulates and salaries; and the protection of citizens discovering Deposits of Guano. The tables of the votes for President and Vice-President since 1789, and of the popular vote for President since 1824, and of the various apportionments of Representatives and ratios of representation, are of interest to all. Tables of Railroads in this country and in Canada, and of the surveyed routes to the Pacific; of Colleges and Professional Schools in the United States; of the Population of the several States at the decennial periods; and of the times of the State elections and the meetings of the State Legislatures, are given. The information concerning the Individual States is as full as in former years. It is believed that nowhere else can be found such full details respecting the Executive and Judiciary, the finances, schools, charitable institutions, and pauperism and crime, of the several States. Should any one note inaccuracies or deficiencies therein, he is urgently requested to correct them. The European part of the work, revised from the best authority to late dates, gives the several States of Europe, with their form of government, the name, title, and date of accession of the reigning sovereigns, the area and population of the several countries. It also gives the Royal Family, the Ministry, and the Judiciary of England, and the Ministry of France. A Foreign Obituary for 1855 and 1856 is given. The Obituary Notices and Chronicle of Events have been prepared with care. The space is so limited, that many names and events which otherwise would be given are necessarily omitted. The thanks of the Editor are particularly due to the Heads of Departments at Washington, and to his many contributors and correspondents, to whom the work is indebted for a great part of its value. A continuance of their favors is respectfully solicited. A work embracing such a multitude of facts must necessarily contain errors; persons who may detect any are earnestly requested to communicate them to the Editor. It is particularly desirable that these communications should not be anonymous. It is frequently a source of regret to the Editor, that he cannot suitably acknowledge the valuable hints and assistance of anonymous correspondents. It is a matter of some public interest, that a periodical which circulates so widely, both in Europe and America, and which is so universally trusted as a manual for reference, should be rendered as accurate as possible; and this end can be obtained only by the co-operation of many individuals. Communications should be addressed to the "Editor of the American Almanac," Boston. Boston, Mass., December, 1856. 1. Maine, 2. New Hampshire,. 5. Rhode Island, 6. Connecticut, 7. New York,. 8. New Jersey, 9. Pennsylvania, 10. Delaware, 11. Maryland,. 12. Virginia,. ........ 267 28. Missouri, 270 29. Iowa, 276 30. Wisconsin, 277 31. California,.. 281 32. Oregon Territory,.............. 13 North Carolina, .............................................. 284 33. Minnesota Territory, 14. South Carolina,................... 287 34. Utah Territory,..... 15. Georgia,.. 16. Florida,. .. 290 35. New Mexico Territory,. AMERICAN STATES. Governments of North America,.... 340, 374 | Governments of South America,........ 341 West Indian Governments, ... 341 Population of the Globe, 341 230 21. Arkansas, 305 233 22. Tennessee, ......... 307 240 24. Ohio, 310 313 251 25. Michigan,. 318 254 26. Indiana,. 258 27. Illinois, 339 339 339 339 340 Abstracts of Public Laws American Obituary .... 212 36 140 Elections, State. Apportionment of U. S. Repres'tives 205,214 Ephemeris of the Sun. 100 Eras, &c.. Appropriations, U. S., for 1856, 1857..... 140 European States Army List Army Officers, Pay of.... Army Pension Agents. Arsenals in the United States. .. 112 Events, General, in 1855. 117 1856. 112, 117 120 110 Executive Government of U. S........... 121 Exports of each State for 1854-55 .85-94 Federal Representative Population 340, 374 Finances of the States.. 1821 .... California Land Claims, Commission Canada 224 174 163 170 163 214 5 .224, 225 173 Fixed Stars, Apparent Places of Principal 57 ...... .... ................ Circuit Courts of United States. .... 95 Cities, Principal, Population of some 216 Georgia Clerks of Circuit & District Courts of U.S. 346 185 364 368 290 145, 229 Government, Seats of, in different States. 212 125 Governments, Annual Expenses of State. 225 85-94 Governors of States, &c. Terms and Salaries 212 173 Great Britain. Coin, Imports & Exports of, since 1821... Colleges in United States. 314 Colleges, Annual Expenses in .......... 209 Imports for 65 Years... 164 Imports free of Duty 174 Commerce of U. S. 109 320 Congress, Pay of Members of .......... 146 Indians, number in the U States ....... 109 Connecticut 254 Indirect Trade with the Ger. Zoll Verein 177 Consular System, U.S., Act to regulate 147-152 Inspectors, Supervising, of Steam-vessels 111 Departments, Officers in the........100-102 Latitude and Longitude of Observatories 43 Diplomatic System, Act to regulate..147-152 Latitude and Longitude of Places.... 44-48 District Courts. District of Columbia 124-127 Law Schools Dist. of Columbia, Act for Pub. Inst. in 210 340 Laws, Titles and Abstracts of Public .... 140 146 Legislatures, State, Meeting of... ...... 212 35, 36 Letters, by Sea-going Vessels....... 184, 191 |