Calabria, and they preserve at this day the language and manners of their ancestors.*

In the long career of the decline and fall of the Roman empire, I have reached at length the last reign of the princes of Constantinople, who so feebly sustained the name and majesty of the Cæsars. On the decease of John Palæologus, who survived about four years the Hungarian crusade,† the royal family, by the death of Andronicus, and the monastic profession of Isidore, was reduced to three princes, Constantine, Demetrius, and Thomas, the surviving sons of the emperor Manuel. Of these the first and the last were far distant in the Morea; but Demetrius, who possessed the domain of Selybria, was in the suburbs, at the head of a party; his ambition was not chilled by the public distress; and his conspiracy with the Turks and the schismatics had already disturbed the peace of his country. The funeral of the late emperor was accelerated with singular and even suspicious haste: the claim of Demetrius to the vacant throne was justified by a trite and flimsy sophism, that he was born in the purple, the eldest son of his father's reign. But the empress-mother, the senate and

* This colony of Albanese is mentioned by Mr. Swinburne. (Travels into the Two Sicilies, vol. i. p. 350-354.) [In Canto II. of Childe Harold, stanza 38, Lord Byron celebrates Scanderbeg's "deeds of chivalrous emprise," and in a note delineates the present state of the Albanians. Their "manners and language" prove their Celtic origin, which is also confirmed in Hobhouse's Travels (i. 165) and Leake's Researches in Greece (223-357). They descend from the tribes of that race who in the earliest times peopled the districts south of the Danube, and served as mercenaries in the armies of the kings of Macedonia and Epirus. (Plutarch in Vit. Pyrrhi; Polybius, 1. 2, c. 5.) The ancients believed them to be emigrants from Gaul, for wherever they found Galata or Galli, they concluded that they must have come from the region between the Rhine and the ocean. Here again, as in many other lands (see vol. i. p. 48; vol. iv. p. 220. 223), the original Celtic population retired before invaders from the East, and maintained a long struggle in their western mountains. The resistance of the Albanians has continued to modern times. When travellers discover in Italy traces of Celtic "manners and language," they too often forget how much of that country was originally held by "Gauls," whose primæval habits have been preserved in secluded spots as among the Welsh, Highlanders, and Irish of our own islands.—ED.]

+ The chronology of Phranza is clear and authentic; but instead of four years and seven months, Spondanus (A.D. 1445, No. 7) assigns seven or eight years to the reign of the last Constantine, which he

soldiers, the clergy and people, were unanimous in the cause of the lawful successor; and the despot Thomas, who, ignorant of the change, accidentally returned to the capital, asserted with becoming zeal the interest of his absent brother. An ambassador, the historian Phranza, was immediately dispatched to the court of Adrianople. Amurath received him with honour, and dismissed him with gifts; but the gracious approbation of the Turkish sultan an nounced his supremacy, and the approaching downfal of the Eastern empire. By the hands of two illustrious deputies, the imperial crown was placed, at Sparta, on the head of Constantine.* In the spring he sailed from the Morea, escaped the encounter of a Turkish squadron, enjoyed the acclamations of his subjects, celebrated the festival of a new reign, and exhausted by his donatives the treasure, or rather the indigence, of the State. The emperor immediately resigned to his brothers the possession of the Morea; and the brittle friendship of the two princes, Demetrius and Thomas, was confirmed in their mother's presence by the frail security of oaths and embraces. His next occupation was the choice of a consort. A daughter of the doge of Venice had been proposed; but the Byzantine nobles objected the distance between an hereditary monarch and an elective magistrate; and in their subsequent distress, the chief of that powerful republic was not unmindful of the affront. Constantine afterwards hesitated between the royal families of Trebizond and Georgia; and the embassy of Phranza represents in his public and private life the last days of the Byzantine empire.†

The protovestiare, or great chamberlain, Phranza, sailed from Constantinople as the minister of a bridegroom; and the relics of wealth and luxury were applied to his pompous appearance. His numerous retinue consisted of nobles and guards, of physicians and monks; he was attended by a deduces from a spurious epistle of Eugenius IV. to the king of Æthiopia. [The want of uniformity in numbering the Byzantine emperors of this name, has been noticed in vol. v. p. 321, 322, &c. We find the last of them thus variously designated by different writers :-Constantine XI.-(Finlay, ii. 620. Koeppen, p. 206. Oxford Tables. Riddle, Ecc. Chron. p. 313).-XII. (Gibbon. Kruse, Tab. xxiv).—XIII. (Blair's Tables, edit. Ellis).-XIV. (Eckhel, viii. 272).—XV. (Humphreys, p. 659).—ED.]

*

+ Phranza (1. 3, c. 1-6) deserves credit and esteem.

band of music; and the term of his costly embassy was protracted above two years. On his arrival in Georgia or Iberia, the natives from the towns and villages flocked around the strangers; and such was their simplicity, that they were delighted with the effects, without understanding the cause, of musical harmony. Among the crowd was an old man, above a hundred years of age, who had formerly been carried away a captive by the Barbarians,* and who amused his hearers with a tale of the wonders of India,† from whence he had returned to Portugal by an unknown sea. From this hospitable land Phranza proceeded to the court of Trebizond, where he was informed by the Greek prince of the recent decease of Amurath. Instead of rejoicing in the deliverance, the experienced statesman expressed his apprehension that an ambitious youth would not long adhere to the sage and pacific system of his father. After the sultan's decease, his Christian wife Maria,§ the daughter of the Servian despot, had been honourably restored to her parents; on the fame of her beauty and merit, she was recommended by the ambassador as the most worthy object of the royal choice; and Phranza recapitulates and refutes the specious objections that might be raised against the proposal. The majesty of the purple would ennoble an unequal alliance; the bar of affinity might be removed by liberal alms and the dispensation of the Church;

* Suppose him to have been captured in 1394, in Timour's first war in Georgia (Sherefeddin, 1. 3, c. 50): he might follow his Tartar master into Hindostan in 1398, and from thence sail to the spice islands.

The happy and pious Indians lived a hundred and fifty years, and enjoyed the most perfect productions of the vegetable and mineral kingdoms. The animals were on a large scale; dragons seventy cubits, ants (the formica Indica) nine inches long, sheep like elephants, elephants like sheep. Quidlibet audendi, &c.

He sailed in a country vessel from the spice island to one of the ports of the exterior India; invenitque navem grandem Ibericam, quâ in Portugalliam est delatus. This passage, composed in 1477 (Phranza, 1. 3, c. 30), twenty years before the discovery of the Cape of Good Hope, is spurious or wonderful. But this new geography is sullied by the old and incompatible error, which places the source of the Nile in India. § Cantemir (p. 83) who styles her the daughter of Lazarus Ogli, and the Helen of the Servians, places her marriage with Amurath in the year 1424. It will not easily be believed, that in six-and-twenty years' cohabitation, the sultan corpus ejus non tetigit. After the taking of Constantinople, she fled to Mahomet II. (Phranza, 1. 3, c. 22.)

the disgrace of Turkish nuptials had been repeatedly overlooked; and though the fair Maria was near fifty years of age, she might yet hope to give an heir to the empire. Constantine listened to the advice, which was transmitted in the first ship that sailed from Trebizond; but the factions of the court opposed his marriage; and it was finally prevented by the pious vow of the sultana, who ended her days in the monastic profession. Reduced to the first alternative, the choice of Phranza was decided in favour of a Georgian princess; and the vanity of her father was dazzled by the glorious alliance. Instead of demanding, according to the primitive and national custom, a price for his daughter, he offered a portion of fifty-six thousand, with an annual pension of five thousand, ducats; and the services of the ambassador were repaid by an assurance, that, as his son had been adopted in baptism by the emperor, the establishment of his daughter should be the peculiar care of the empress of Constantinople. On the return of Phranza, the treaty was ratified by the Greek monarch, who with his own hand impressed three vermilion crosses on the golden bull, and assured the Georgian envoy, that in the spring his galleys should conduct the bride to her imperial palace. But Constantine embraced his faithful servant, not with the cold approbation of a sovereign, but with the warm confidence of a friend, who, after a long absence is impatient to pour his secrets into the bosom of his friend. "Since the death of my mother and of Cantacuzene, who alone advised me without interest or passion,† I am surrounded (said the emperor) by men whom I can neither love, nor trust, nor esteem. You are not a stranger to Lucas Notaras, the great admiral; obstinately attached to his own sentiments, he declares, both in private and public, that his sentiments are the absolute measure of my thoughts and actions. The rest of the courtiers are swayed by their personal or factious views; and how can I consult the monks on questions of policy and marriage? I have yet

* The classical reader will recollect the offers of Agamemnon (Iliad, 1. 5. 144), and the general practice of antiquity.

+ Cantacuzene (I am ignorant of his relation to the emperor of that name) was great domestic, a firm asserter of the Greek creed, and a brother of the queen of Servia, whom he visited with the character of ambassador. (Syropulus, p. 37, 38. 45.)

much employment for your diligence and fidelity. In the spring you shall engage one of my brothers to solicit the succour of the Western powers; from the Morea you shall sail to Cyprus on a particular commission; and from thence proceed to Georgia, to receive and conduct the future empress. "Your commands (replied Phranza) are irresistible; but deign, great sir, (he added with a serious smile,) to consider, that if I am thus perpetually absent from my family, my wife may be tempted either to seek another husband, or to throw herself into a monastery.' After laughing at his apprehensions, the emperor more gravely consoled him, by the pleasing assurance that this should be his last service abroad, and that he destined for his son a wealthy and noble heiress; for himself, the important office of great logothete, or principal minister of state. The marriage was immediately stipulated; but the office, however incompatible with his own, had been usurped by the ambition of the admiral. Some delay was requisite to negotiate a consent and an equivalent; and the nomination of Phranza was half declared, and half suppressed, lest it might be displeasing to an insolent and powerful favourite. The winter was spent in the preparations of his embassy; and Phranza had resolved that the youth his son should embrace this opportunity of foreign travel, and be left, on the appearance of danger, with his maternal kindred of the Morea. Such were the private and public designs, which were interrupted by a Turkish war, and finally buried in the ruins of the empire.

CHAPTER LXVIII. REIGN AND CHARACTER OF MAHOMET THE SECOND.-SIEGE, ASSAULT, AND FINAL CONQUEST, OF CONSTANTINOPLE BY THE TURKS.-DEATH OF CONSTANTINE PALEOLOGUS.-SERVITUDE OF THE GREEKS.-EXTINCTION OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE IN THE EAST.CONSTERNATION OF EUROPE.-CONQUESTS AND DEATH OF MAHOMET THE SECOND.

THE siege of Constantinople by the Turks attracts our first attention to the person and character of the great destroyer. Mahomet the Second* was the son of the

* For the character of Mahomet II. it is dangerous to trust either the Turks or the Christians. The most moderate picture appears to