Abuna explained, v. 278, and note. Abundantius, general of the East, and patron of the eunuch Eutropius, is dis- graced and exiled by him, iii. 488. Abyla, the fair of, plundered by the Sara- cens, vi. S7, and note. Abyssinians, converted to Christianity hy Frumentius, ii. 366. Their early history, vi. 492, 494, and note. Alliance with Justi- nian, 495. Their settlement in Yemen conquered by Nashirvan, v. 138, and note. History of their church and of their in- tercourse with the Portuguese, v. 276; 283, and notes. See also Ethiopia. Acacius, bishop of Amida, an uncommon instance of episcopal benevolence, iii. 520. Acacius, father of the empress Theodora, iv. 293.
Acciainoli, bankers of Florence, obtain the sovereignty of Athens, vii. 81,
Acephali, of Egypt, the "headless sect," v. 238.
Acesius, the novatian, favoured by Constan- tine, and invited to the council of Nice, ii. 388.
Achaia, its extent, i. 29. Principality of,
held by the Villehardouins after the fourth crusade, vii. 7, 19, notes. Achilles, a name given to one of the Vandal generals, iv. 360.
Achilleus, rebellion of, in Egypt, sup- pressed by Diocletian, i. 435. Acolyth, the commander of the Varangians, vi. 202, 278, note.
Acre, the memorable siege of, by the cru- saders, vi. 502. Final loss of, 522. Acropolita, the historian, minister of John Vataces and Theodore Lascaris, vii. 49. Punished for freely speaking his opinion, 52. His account of Baldwin's flight from Constantinople, 59, note.
Actions, legal, institutes of Justinian re- specting, v. 72.
Actium, a review of Roman affairs after the battle of, i, 79.
Adam, Mahometan opinion respecting, v. 471.
Adam, of Bremen, his account of the Obo- trites, iii. 364, note. Of the Angli, iv. 226,
Addison, his description of the road through the Apennines, iii. 396, note. His opinion on the correspondence of Christ and Abgarus v. 363, note. Celebrates Ripaille and its founder, vii. 240. His Treatise on Coins referred to, 360, note Adhed, the last of the Fatimite dynasty in Egypt, is deposed by Noureddin, and dies, vi. 492.
Adhemar, bishop of Puy, appointed by Urban II. to attend the first crusade, as legate, vi. 404. Associated with Ray-
mond in the command of his division, 422. Distrusts the legend of the Holy Lauce, 451. Adopts it, 452. His death, of the plague, before Antioch, 461. Adiabene. See Assyria. Administration of the empire, treatise of Constantine Porphyrogenitus concerning the, vi. 182.
Admiral, a name of Saracen extraction, vi. 203, and note.
Adolphus, or Athaulphus, the brother-in -law of Alaric, brings him a reinforce- ment of troops, iii. 428. Derivation of the name, 428, note. Is made count of the domestics to the new emperor Attalus, 434. Succeeds Alaric as king of the Goths, and concludes a peace with Ho norius, 453. His marriage with Placidia, 454. Marches into Spain, 468. Is assas- sinated, 469.
Adoption, how performed in Rome, v. 60,
note. The two kinds of, under the Greek empire, vi. 433, note. See Arrega.
Adoration of the Roman emperor, an East- ern fashion adopted by Diocletian, i, 457. Description of the ceremony and deriva- tion of the term, vi. 203, and note. Adorno, the Genoese governor of Phocæa, conveys Amurath II. from Asia to Europe, vii. 196.
Adrian, the emperor, see Hadrian. Adrian I., pope, his alliance with Charle- magne against the Lombards, v. 385. His reception of Charlemagne at Rome, 389. Gives him the mosaics of Ravenna, 392, note; vii. 454. Asserts the fictitious donation of Constantine the Great, 393. Accepts the decrees of the second coun- cil of Nice in favour of image-worship, 398. Threatens to excommunicate the Greek emperors for not restoring the estates of the church, 400. The trophies of his fame, 402.
Adrian IV. puts Arnold of Brescia to death, vii. 356.
Adrianople. See Hadrianople.
Adulis, a sea port, now Arkiko, iv. 317,
Adultery, an inexpiable crime among the early Germans, i. 288, and note. Distinc- tions of and how punished by Augustus, v. 85. By the Christian emperors, 87. Proof of it required by the law of Ma homet, 514.
desius, the Neo-Platonist, successor of Iamblichus, directs the studies of Julian, ii. 511. Fixes his school at Pergamus, 515.
Edui, the, of Gaul. Their state and tax-
ation under Constantine, ii. 240. Egidius, after the death of Etius, renders himself independent in Gaul, and is elected king by the Franks, iv. 70. De- feats Theodoric II. king of the Visigoths at Orleans, and checks his progress, 84.
Elia Capitolina, founded on Mount Sion, by Hadrian, ii. 11. Elianus. See Lælianus.
Elianus, one of the principal Bagaudæ, 1.428. Elius Gallus, invades Arabia, i. 2; v. 441, note; 446, note.
Elius Patus, his Tripartite, the oldest work of Roman jurisprudence, v. 25. Emilianus, governor of Pannonia and Moesia, routs the Goths, and is declared emperor by his troops, i. 318. Mur- dered by them, 319.
Emona, now Laybach; the statues of Con- stantine thrown down there, i. 508. Stops the career of the rebel Maximus, iii. 244.
Eneas of Gaza, his attestation of the mira- culous gift of speech at Tipasa, iv. 148. Eneas; fables, of his galley preserved in Rome, iv. 518, note; and of his visit to the Sibyl's cave, 530, note.
Eneas Sylvius, secretary to the council of Basil, vii. 225. Founds, when pope, the university of that city, ib. Applauds the austere life of the duke of Savoy at Ri- paille, 240. Describes the repugnance of Europe to a Turkish war, 339. Strives to excite one when pope Pius II., Ib. Eras. See Eras.
derial tribute annually paid to the em- peror by the prætorian prefect. iv. 323. Estii, the ancient inhabitants of Esthonia. Subject to Hermanric, iii. 126. Send an embassy with offerings of amber to Theodoric, iv. 259, and note. Eteriarch, an officer of the Byzantine court, vi. 202.
Ethiopia, Augustus attempts to conquer, 1.2. The Christian princes of, are urged by Constantius to exclude Athanasius, ii. 442. Commerce of iv. 317. See also Abyssinians and Axume.
Etius, surnamed the Atheist, his character and adventures, ii. 412, 422. Etius, the Roman general under Valenti- nian III., his character, iii, 528. His treacherous scheme to ruin count Boni- face, 529. Is forced to retire into Pan- nonia, 540. His invitation of the Huns into the empire, 549.
Seizes the administration of the western empire, iv. 2. His character, as given by Renatus, 3. Employs the Huns and Alani in the defence of Gaul, 5. Concludes a peace with Theodoric, 8. Raises the siege of Orleans, 16. Battle of Chalons, 21. His prudence on the invasion of Italy by Attila, 31. Is mur- dered by Valentinian, 38. Afrasiabs, heroes of Ferdusi, iii. 150. Africa, its situation and revolutions, i. 32. Great revenue raised from, by the Ro- mans, 204 Revolts in the reign of Dio- cletian, 435.
Progress of Christianity there, ii. 75. Is distracted with religious discord in
the time of Constantine the Great, 388. Character and revolt of the Circumcel- lions, 453.
Revolt of Arrival of 531. Per-
Africa, Oppressions of, by count Romanus, iii. 113. General state of, 116. ocunt Boniface there, 529. Genseric, king of the Vandals, secution of the Donatists, 533. Devasta- tion of, by the Vandals, 536. Carthage surprised by Genseric, 542.
Persecution of the Catholics in, ív. 138. Expedition of Belisarius to, 365. Is recovered by the Romans, 380. The go- vernment of, settled by Justinian, 381. Revolt of the troops there, under Stotzas, 499. Devastation of the war, 501.
Invaded by the Saracens, vi. 71. Conquered by Akbah, 77. Decline and ex- tinction of Christianity there, 106, Revolt and independence of the Saracens, 171. Conquests of Roger, king of Sicily, 344. Agathias, his praise of the Franks, iv. 181, and note. The historical books of Proco- pius continued by him, 290. He thought the Persian language inharmonious, 467. Agathyrsi, a painted tribe, subject to the Alani, iii, 161.
Agaunum, monastery of St. Maurice found- ed there, ii. 147, iv. 172. Agents, or official spies, employed by Con- stantine, ii. 229.
Ager Publicus, public lands of Rome, v. 63, note.
Agiamoglans, young janizaries serving in the palace, vii. 201.
Aglabites, the Saracen dynasty of, vi. 171. Aglue, a Roman lady, patronizes St. Boni face, ii. 162.
Agnats, their right of inheritance under the Roman law, v. 66.
Agnes, daughter of the duke of Brunswick, is married to Andronicus the Younger, vii. 92, note.
Agrarian law, Jus Agrarium, of Rome. v. 63, and note.
Agricola, his conquests in Britain, and provisions for their security, i. 4. His early appointment as military tribune, 16, 17, note. Created a patrician by Ves- pasian, ii. 204, note.
Agriculture, great improvement of, in the western countries of the Roman empire, i. 69. Decay of, in Italy after the time of Tiberius, iv. 104. State of, in the East- ern empire, under Justinian, 310. Agrippa, the faithful friend and adviser of Augustus, i. 80. Raised to the tribune- ship, 98, note. The Pantheon at Rome, dedicated by him to Cybele and Neptune, vii. 452, note.
Agrippina, mother of Nero, aspired to share the honours of empire, i. 198. Ahmed Ebn Arabshah See Arabshah. Ahriman, the evil principle in Persian theo- logy, i. 254.
Aidin, a Turkish chieftian, vii. 141.
Ailurus, (the Cat), a name given to Timo- theus, patriarch of Alexandria, v. 235, note. See Timothy.
Aix la Chapelle, decorated by Charlemagne, v. 392, vii. 454.
Aiznadin, battle of, between the Saracens and the Greeks, vi. 28. Ajax, the sepulchre of, ii. 182.
Akbah, or Ocba Ben Nafe, invades Africa, vii. 77, note. Reaches the Atlantic
Ocean, 79, note. His death, 80, note. Akmim, see Chemmis.
Alani, invade Asia, i. 393. Conquered by the Huns, iii. 162. Join the Goths who had emigrated into Thrace, 180. Some join Radagaisus in his invasion of Italy, 365. Others serve against him in the army of Stilicho, 367. Occupy Cartha- gena and Lusitania, 408. Are employed by Etius to defend Gaul, iv. 5. Some still encountered in Asia, at the foot of Mount Caucasus, by the Avars, and by Zingis, iv. 456. Their name combined with that of the Goths in Catalonia, vii. 75, note. See Goths and Vandals. Alaric, the Goth, learns the art of war under Theodosius the Great, iii. 265. Becomes the leader of the Gothic revolt, and ravages Greece, 335. Escapes from Stilicho, 342. Is appointed master-gene- ral of the eastern Illyricum, 344. Is de- clared king of the Visigoths, 345. His invasion of Italy, 346. Is defeated by Stilicho at Pollentia, 352. Again defeated near Verona and driven out of Italy, 356. Is, by treaty with Honorius, declared master-general of Illyricum, 382. pleas and motives for marching to Rome, 394. Encamps under the walls of that city, 397. Accepts a ransom, and raises the siege, 426. His negotiations with the emperor Honorius, 429. His second siege of Rome, 432. Places Attalus on the imperial throne, 434. Degrades him, 437. Seizes the city of Rome, 438. His sack of Rome, compared with that by the emperor Charles V. 447. Retires from Rome, and ravages the South of Italy, 449. His death and burial, 452. Alaric II. king of the Goths, his overthrow by Clovis, king of the Franks, iv. 177. Alatheus, a warrior of the Ostrogoths, saves their infant king, iii. 164. Arrives on the Danube 169. Forces a passage, 171. Retreats, 203. Is defeated and killed, 204.
Alauda, a Roman Legion, raised by Caesar,
Scanderbeg, vii. 283. A Celtic race, 284, note; ravage the Morea, 334. Alberic, the son of Marozia, his revolt, and government of Rome, v. 422.
Albigeois of France, persecution of, vi. 249. Albinus, Clodius, Governor of Britain, i. 141. Opposes Didius Julianus, 142. Ne- gotiates with Severus, 151. Is defeated and killed in the battle of Lyons, 152.
the pontiff, converted to Christianity, by his family, iii. 280, note.
the senator, defended by Boethius, when accused of treason, iv. 280. Al Bochari, compiled, from the memorials of Mahomet, the Sonna, or oral law, 5. 475.
Albofleda, wife of Theodoric and sister of Clovis, iv. 164.
Alboin, king of the Lombards, his treaty with Justinian, iv. 522. His history, v. 97. His alliance with the Avars against the Gepidæ, 99. Reduces the Gepida, 100. He undertakes the con- quest of Italy, 101. Overruns what is now called Lombardy, 104. Assumes the regal title there, 104. Takes Pavia, and makes it his capital city, 105. Is murdered at the instigation of his queen Rosamond, 107.
Albornoz, archbishop of Toledo and cardinal Legate in Italy, vii, 416. Alchemy, the books of, in Egypt, destroyed by Diocletian, i. 437. A favourite study in Arabia, vi. 150.
Aldus Manutius, establishes his press at Venice, vii. 257.
Aleppo, siege and capture of, by the Sara- cens, vi. 47. Is recovered by the Greeks, 178. Seized by Saladin, 493. Is taken and sacked by Tamerlane, vii. 175. Alesia, site of, í. 46, note. Alexander the Great, embassy of the Ro- mans to, v. 9, note; said to have been born in Epirus, vii. 282. Alexander Severus, the time of his birth, i. 181, note. Is declared Cæsar by the em peror Elagabalus, 187. Is raised to the throne, 189. His intrepidity, 198. Is murdered, 218. Examination into his pretended victory over Artaxerxes, 266, Showed a regard for the Christian reli- gion, ii. 137.
Alexander uncle and colleague of Constan tine Porphyrogenitus, v. 322. Alexander, archbishop of Alexandria, ex- communicates Arius for his heresy, ii. 404. Alexander, a Byzantine scribe, why called Psalliction, iv. 505.
Alexander III. pope, establishes the papal election in the college of cardinals, vii. 375.
Alexandra, the, of Lycophron predicts the, greatness of Rome, v. 9, note. Alexandria, a general massacre there, by order of the emperor Caracalla, i. 173. Forts erected there by him, 173. The
Alexandria, Christian theology reduced to a systematic form in the school of, ii. 73. Number of martyrs who suffered there in the persecution by Decius, 120. The theological system of Plato taught in the school of, and received by the Jews there, 394. Questions concerning the nature of the Trinity, agitated in the phi- losophical and Christian schools of, 395. History of the archbishop St. Athanasius, 424. Outrages attending his expulsion, and the establishment of his successor, George of Cappadocia, 440. The city distracted by pious factions, 445. Dis- graceful life and tragical death of George of Cappadocia, 550. Restoration of Atha- nasius, 554. Athanasius banished by Ju- lian, 556.
Suffers greatly by an earthquake, iii. 137. History of the temple of Serapis there, 285. This temple, and the library, destroyed by bishop Theophilus, 288.
Is taken by Amrou the Saracen, vi. 61. Attempts of the Greeks to recover it, 64. The library said to be destroyed by Amrou, 65. Doubted, 68.. Alexius Angelus, his usurpation of the Greek empire and character, vi. 534. Flies before the crusaders, 552. Alexius 1. Comnenus, emperor of Constan- tinople, v. 339. New titles of dignity in- vented by him, vi. 199. Defeated by the Normans at the Battle of Durazzo, 330. Solicits the aid of the emperor Henry III. 334. Solicits the aid of the Christian princes against the Turks, 400. His sus- picious policy on the arrival of the cru- saders, 430. Exacts homage from them, 432. Profits by the success of the cru- saders, 471. His death, v. 341. Alexius II. Comnenus, emperor of Constan- tinople, v. 346.
Alexius Strategopulus, the Greek general, retakes Constantinople from the Latins, vii. 33.
Alexius, the son of Isaac Angelus, his es- cape from his uncle, who had deposed his father, vi. 534. His treaty with the cru- saders for his restoration, 545. Res- toration of his father, 557. Death of Alexius, 562.
Alfred adopted the rigour of the Mosaic law, iv. 153. Sends an embassy to the shrine of St. Thomas in India, v. 262. Algebra, by whom invented, vi. 147. Algezire, a Spanish town belonging to Count Julian, vi. 91.
Ali, joins Mahomet in his prophetical mis- sion, v. 485. His heroism, 499. Marries Fatima the daughter of Mahomet, 516. His character, 517. Is chosen caliph of the Saracens, 520. His assassination, 525.
Devotion paid at his tomb, 525. His posterity, 527, 529.
Aligern, defends Cumæ for his brother Teias, king of the Goths, iv. 528. Is reduced, 530. Serves against the Alle- manni, 534.
Aliturus, a Jew player in the time of Nero, ii. 107.
Allectus murders Carausius, and usurps his station, i. 431. Is defeated and killed by Asclepiodotus, 432. Allemanni, the origin and warlike spirit of i. 235. Gibbon's statement corrected, 325. Are driven out of Italy by the se- nate and people, 326. Invade the em- pire in the time of Aurelian, 364. Are totally routed, 365. Gaul delivered from their depredations by Constantius Chlo- rus, 433.
Invade and establish themselves in Gaul, ii. 323. Are defeated at Strasburg by Julian, 329. Are reduced by Julian in his expeditions beyond the Rhine, 333. Invade Gaul in the time of the emperor Valentinian, iii. 93. Are re- duced by Jovinus, 94. And chastised by Valentinian, 96. Subdued by Clovis king of the Franks at Tolbiac, iv. 163. Allobich, count of the domestics, assas- sination of, iii. 431.
Almamon, caliph, his magnificence, vi. 140. His love of literature and zeal in collect- ing the writings of the Greeks, 143. Almansor, builds Bagdad, vi. 139. Studies astronomy, 143.
Almo, mount, near Sirmium, cultivated by the soldiers of Probus, i. 407. Almogavares. See Amogavares. Almohades oppress the Zeirides in Africa, vi. 344.
Almondars, kings of Hira, iv. 469, vi. 9, note, Almus, an early Hungarian leader, vi. 263,
Alp Arslan, sultan of the Turks, his reign, vi. 371. Defeats the emperor Romanus, 374. Is assassinated, 379. Inscription on his tomb, 379.
Alphonso, the Chaste, his Gothic kingdom in the Asturian mountains, v. 412. Alps, crossed by Constantine, i. 494. Altai, mountain in Asia, iv. 451, vii. 133,
Alum, manufactured by the Genoese at Phocæa. Its subsequent history, vii. 195, note.
Alypius, formerly governor of Britain, is commissioned by the emperor Julian to rebuild the temple of Jerusalem, ii. 536. Amala, king of the Goths, i. 308. Anti- quity of the royal race of the Amali, and origin of the name, iii. 335, 469, note; iv. 243, note; 395, 420. Amalafrida, a Gothic princess, married to Thrasimond the Vandal, and put to death. iv. 394.
Amalasontha, queen of Italy, erects a monu-
ment at Ravenna to her father Theodo- ric, iv. 284. Her history and character, 395. Her death, 398, note. Amalphi, discovery of the Pandests, v. 41, note. Invention of the mariner's compass, 117, note; vi. 319, note. Its trade and present state, 320. Passage of pilgrims to Palestine, 389. Amalric. See Amaury.
Amandus, a leader of the Bagaudæ, i. 428. Amantius, the eunuch, rules the palace of Anastasius, iv. 286, put to death, 287. Amaury, or Amalric, king of Jerusalem, vi.
Amazons, improbability of any society of, i. 380, note.
Ambassadors, treatment of the Persian by Justinian, iv. 491. General reception of, in the Byzantine court, vi. 204. Amber, a Roman luxury, i, 72. Presented to Theoderic by the ambassadors of the Estii, iv. 259, note.
Ambition, reflections on the violence and various operations of that passion, v.357. vi. 142, note.
Ambrose, St., justifies the use of the sword asaint heresy, ii. 409. Composed a trea- tise on the Trinity, for the use of the Em- peror Gratian, iii. 212, note. His birth and promotion to the archbishopric of Milan 236. Opposes the Arian worship of the empress Justina, 237. Refuses obedience to the imperial power, 239. Controls the emperor Theodosius, 256. Imposes pe- nance on Theodosius for his cruel treat- ment of Thessalonica, 258. Employed his influence over Gratian and Theo- dosius, to inspire them with maxims of persecution, 272. Opposes Symmachus, the advocate for the old Pagan religion, 278. Comforts the citizens of Florence with a dream, when besieged by Rada- gaisus, 368.
Ambrosius Aurelian defends Britain against the Saxons, iv. 221.
Amelius, Neo-Platonist philosopher, i. 466. Amelot de la Houssaie, historian of Venice, iv. 31, note.
Amida, siege of, by Sapor king of Persia, ii. 317. Receives the fugitive inhabitants of Nisibis, iii. 54. Is besieged and taken by Cabades king of Persia, iv. 346. Amina, the mother of Mahomet, v. 464. Amir, the Turkish prince, friend of Canta- cuzene, vii. 143.
Ammatus, brother of Gelimer, iv. 373. Ammianus Marcellinus, the historian, his sincerity, ii. 296. One of the defenders of Amida, 318. His religious character of the emperor Constantius, 421. His remark on the enmity of Christians towards each other, 456. His account of the fiery obstructions to restoring the temple of Jerusalem, 537. Of the contest of Damasus and Ursinus for the bishopric of Rome, iii. 90. Testimony in favour of
his historical merit, 196. His character of the nobles of Rome, 406. Ammonius Saccas, the Neo-Platonist, i. 466. Ammonius, the mathematician, his mea surement of the circuit of Rome, iii. 421.
Ammonius, the monk of Alexandria, his martyrdom, v. 212.
Amogavares, or Almogavares, their origin, vii. 75, note.
Amorian dynasty, v. 310.
Amorium, siege and destruction of, by the caliph Motassem, vi. 164. Amphilochius, bishop of Iconium, gains the favour of the emperor Theodosius by an orthodox bon mot, iii. 221, and note. Amphitheatre of Titus, i. 59. Description of the, 416; vii. 460.
Ampoulle, La Sainte, the fable of, iv. 166, Amrou, his conversion, v. 501. Supports Moawiyah, 526. His birth and charac- ter, vi. 54. His invasion and conquest of Egypt, 56. Is said to have destroyed the library of Alexandria, 64. His ad- ministration there, 67. His description of the country, 69.
Amrou, the last of the Soffarides, vi. 172. Amurath I. sultan of the Turks, his reign, vii. 147. His death, 149. Amurath II. sultan, his reign and cha- racter, vii. 266. His two abdications, 267, 268. Promotes Scanderbeg, 279. Is defeated by him, 281. Dies, 282. Amycus, tradition respecting his reign on the shore of the Bosphorus, i. 177. Ana, Annah or Anatho, a city on the Eu phrates, taken by Julian, iii. 18, note, Anachorets, in monkish history described, iv. 118, 124, 129.
Anacletus, pope, gives the title of king to Roger count of Sicily, vi. 342. His Jew. ish extraction, vii. 385.
Anagni, a city of Italy, where pope Boniface VIII. was assaulted, vii. 378. Cursed by Benedict XI., 379.
Anastasia, sister of Constantine the Great; her two marriages, i. 508; ii. 249. Anastasia, empress of Tiberius II. v. 111. Anastasia Gregory of Nazianzen's private
church at Constantinople, iii. 224. Anastasius I. marries the empress Ariadne, iv. 247. His war with Theodoric, the Ostrogoth, king of Italy, 262, His eco- nomy celebrated, 320. His long wall from the Propontis to the Euxine, 340. War with Persia, 346. Is humbled by the Catholic clergy, v. 237, 239. Anastasins II. emperor of Constantinople, v. 299. His preparations of defence against the Saracens, vi. 119. Anastasius, St. his martyrdom, v. 173, note. Anatho. See Ana.
Anatolia, conquest of, by the Moguls, vii.
Anatolius, an officer in Julian's army, iii 40, 42.
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